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To;s} k"/s sfo{x? x'g\ .Ú lrlgofF qmflGtsf] ljz]if r/0f tyf cfkm\g} ljlzi6 ;do / l:yltdf JoQm ljrf/nfO{ g} of] u|'kn] ef/tdf dGqsf] ?kdf hlk/x]sf] 5 eGg] cf/f]k o;dfly nflu/x]sf] 5 . k|Zg s] pl7/x]sf] 5 eg], ef/tsf] jt{dfg ;do / l:ylt rLgsf] tTsfnLg ;do / kl/l:yltaLr s'g} leGgtf 5}g < ef/tdf klg rLgdf dfcf]n] cjnDag u/]s} /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt x"ax" nfu" ug{ ;lsG5 < lglZrt ?kdf km/s–km/s b]zsf] kl/l:ylt leGg–leGg g} x'G5 . /, leGg–leGg kl/l:ylt–cg'?k k|To]s b]zsf hgcfGbf]ngsf cfofdx? klg km/s–km/s g} x'G5g\ . ;+3if{sf ;fdfGo / l;h{gfTds ?kx? ckgfpg] sfo{df tL b]zsf sDo'lgi6x? cfkm}+ l;h{gzLn x'g'k5{ / hgd'lQmsf] bL3{sfnLg nIocg'?k cfkm\g} vfnsf /0fgLlt / sfo{gLltx?sf] ljsf; ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . – of] ljZjs} sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngn] l;sfPsf] kf7 xf] . t/ ef/tdf of] u|'kn] dfcf]s} qmflGtsf] …kmf]6f]skL qmflGtÚ ug{ cg]sf}+ cGw gSsnx? ul//x]sf 5g\ . gSsn ug{;d]t cSsn rflxG5 eg] qmflGtsf] l;h{gf ug{ slt xb;Dd cfnf]rgfTds ljj]sn] ;';lHht x'g'k5{ xf]nf < – of] kIfdf Wofg guPs} sf/0fn] of] u|'kn] clxn] xltof/aGb b:tfx? -bndx?_sf sf/jfxLx?dfkm{t\ dfq} ef/tdf qmflGtsf] ;kgf b]lv/x]sf] 5 . ef/tsf jfd af}l4sx?n] p7fO/x]sf] k|Zg s] xf] eg], bndx?sf] lx+;fTds sf/jfxLdfkm{t\ dfq} ef/tdf ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts, cfly{s kl/jt{g Nofpg ;lsG5 t < olb of] ;+efjgf 5 eg]/ :jLsfg]{ xf] eg] ;z:q ;+3if{ ul//x]sf] of] u|'k @)–#) jif{leqdf t ef/tsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] qmflGtsf/L sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ eO;Sg' kg]{ xf] . clxn];Dddf o;sf] ;}Go–cfwf/ w]/} g} lj:t[t eO;Sg'kg]{ xf] . To:tf] l:yltdf qmflGtsf/L / k|ltlqmofjfbLx?aLr 3df;fg o'4 rln/x]sf] x'g'kg]{ xf] . t/ la8Djgfsf] s'/f], tL ck]lIft s'/fx? s'g} klg ;fsf/ ePsf] jf:tljstf b]Vg kfOFb}g . s6' jf:tljstf s] xf] eg] @)–#) jif{sf] cGt/fndf klg of] u|'k cfkm\gf vf;–vf; cfwf/ If]qeGbf aflx/ km}lng ;s]sf] 5}g, kf6L{ o"lg6L;Fu PsLs/0f gu/]sf] eP laxf/df o;sf] pkl:ylt guGo g} lyof] . cfGw| k|b]zsf] ;a}eGbf lk5l8Psf] b'u{d If]q t]n+ufgfsf cnfjf dxf/fi6«sf] ljbe{, dWok|b]zsf] j:t/, sfFs]/, bf+t]jf8f clg ljxf/ / cfGw| k|b]z;Fu hf]l8Psf] pl8;fsf s]xL e"–efueGbf aflx/ o;sf] s'g} x}l;ot 5}g . /, h'g h'g Onfsfx?df of] ;lqmo 5, ToxfF ToxfF klg o;sf] pkl:ylt xltof/aGb b:tfx?sf lx+;fTds ultljlwx? ePdf dfq} dx;"; x'G5 . cGo hgcfGbf]ngx?df o;sf] pkl:yltsf] cfefif kfpg g} ufx|f] 5 . g t o; u|'ksf bndx?sf] lx+;fTds ;+3if{sf] sf/0fn] ef/tdf clt jfd cfGbf]ngs} ljsf; eO/x]sf] 5 eGg g} ;lhnf] 5 . jf:tjdf, clt jfd cfGbf]ng b]zel/ rls{Psf] dfq} eP o;sf cGw gSsn ug]{h:tf lrGtgut ;d:ofx?af/] zfob sd}n] dfq} cf}+nf] p7fpFy] xf]nfg\ Û b:tf o'4df ;Lldt hgo'4 h]xf];\, lkk'N; jf/ u|'k dfcf]sf] g]t[Tjdf ;DkGg lrlgofF qmflGtsf] cGw gSsn ubf{ub}{ clxn] ulx/f] b'irqmdf km:g yfn]sf] cfefif cfpg yfn]sf] 5, Tof] b'irqm xf]M …b:tf o'4Ú -:Sjfo\8 jf/_ . ;z:q b:tfx?sf] lx+;fTds cfqmd0fåf/f ef/tdf qmflGt ;DkGg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] dfGotf af]ls/x]sf] of] u|'ksf] cfwf/ ePsf If]qx?df clxn] Ps vfnsf] …b:tf o'4Ú rln/x]sf] 5 . …b:tf o'4Úsf] qmddf k|x/L / ;]gfdfly cfqmd0f ug]{, ;Qf;Lg kf6L{sf g]tf, dGqL / sfo{stf{x?nfO{ dfg]{ sfo{df o;sf bndx? cTolws lqmofzLn b]lvG5g\ . o;sf ;fy} k|x/L rf}sLb]lv a}+s / ;xsf/L ejgx? adn] p8fpg], a;x? hnfpg], d"lt{ / zflnsx?dfly ad k|xf/ ug]{, ;/sf/L ;DklQx? gi6 ug]{ sfddf bndx?sf] ljz]if ?lr / bIftf b]lvPsf] 5 . /, cGwfw'Gw xTof ug]{ xTofnfO{ g} ;a} /f]usf] ;jf]{Qd pkrf/ 7fGg], /f]usf ls6f0f'x?nfO{ dfg{sf nflu cleofg rnfpg'sf] ;§f /f]uLx?nfO{ g} dfg]{h:tf b'isd{x? klg o;sf bndx?af6 ePsf 5g\, h:tf], rf]/L ug]{, bnfnL ug]{, anfTsf/ ug]{x?sf] lgd{d xTof . b'O{rf/ k};fsf] nf]e / xftd'vsf] rf/f] hf]8\g] afWotfjz k'ln; ePsf, k'ln;sf ;"rgfafxs ag]sf JolQmx?nfO{ cfFvf lrDn]/ dfg]{ jf gfs, sfg, xftv'§f sf6\g]h:tf dWoo'uLg oftgfnfO{ g} o;sf bndx?n] cfˆgf] klxrfg agfpg yfn]sf 5g\ . …hgcbfntÚ cfof]hgf u/]/ cljj]sk"0f{ 9+un] ;hfoF lbg], x/]s /fhgLlts lj/f]wLnfO{ k'ln;sf] bnfn 7fg]/ sf/jfxL ug]{ kIfdf klg o;sf bndx?sf] ;lqmotf 8/nfUbf] 9+un] b]lvPsf] 5 . bndx?df AofKt cfly{s c/fhstf / hgtfk|ltsf] s7f]/ Jojxf/ klg b:tf o'4d} hf]l8Pkl5 of] o'4 a];L g} cfnf]lrt x'gyfn]sf] b]lvG5 . km/s dt /fVg]x?k|lt bndx?n] ug]{ cdfgjLo Jojxf/n] of] u|'kdf c;lxi0f' lrGtgsf] ljsf; eO/x]sf] ;+s]t lbO/x]sf] 5 . km/s ljrf/ /fVg kfpg] df}lns clwsf/nfO{ ;d]t r'gf}tL lbFb} bndx?n] ljkIfL kf6L{sf g]tf–sfo{stf{x?dfly zf/Ll/s cfqmd0f ug]{ / ef}lts ?kdf ;kmfof g} ug]{ qmd ca c? qmflGtsf/L kf6L{sf g]tf / sfo{stf{x?sf] xTof;Dddf ljsl;t eO;s]sf] 5 . of] u|'kn] ufpF ufpF, If]q–If]q sAhf ub}{ zx/ sAhf ug]{ gLlt lnO/x]sf] 5 . t/ o;sf bndx?sf ;}lgs sf/jfxLx? d"ntM …nfn cft+sÚsf kof{oafrL ePsf 5g\, If]q sAhflt/ vf;} s]lGb|t 5}gg\ . To;af6 s]xL+ ufpF–If]qdf o; u|'ksf] j}slNks ;Qf t sfod ePsf] b]lvG5, t/ tL ;Qfx? hg;xeflutfljgfsf cft+sx?sf] hudf 78\ofOPsf] sf/0fn] ;/sf/L bdg / g[z+; cft+ssf cufl8 bL3{sfnLg / lbuf] x'g ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . k|x/L / ;]gfsf] ljzfn cft+ssf cufl8 …nfn cft+sÚ c;xfo ePsf / u|'ksf] ;Qf zlQmxLg ePsf pbfx/0fx? y'k|} 5g\ . lgM;Gb]x, z'?–z'?sf nfn cft+sx?sf] sf/0fn] hgtfdf o; u|'kk|lt cfsif{0f a9]sf], o;sf bndx?sf ;}Go sf/jfxLk|lt hg;dy{g a9]sf] / bdgsf/L zf;goGqnfO{ s]xL xb;Dd 7]ufg nufPsf]df v'zL 5fPsf] cg'ej ul/Psf] lyof] . /, To;} sf/0fn] cf–cfkm\gf] ufpF–7fpFsf zf]if0fsf ;d:ofsf] ;}Go ;dfwfg vf]Hg] qmddf o'jfx? qmflGtsf/L /f]df~r;lxt bndsf :jo+;]js, ldlnlzof / Sof8/sf ?kdf etL{ klg ePsf lyP . ha /fHosf bdgsf/L oGqx?åf/f 8/nfUbf] 9+un] Zj]t cft+s sfod ul/of], ta lbuf] /fhg}lts sd{ / ;+ul7t hg–;+u7gx? tyf ;+/rgfx?sf] cefjjz cft+lst hgtfn] bndx?k|lt lr;f] Jojxf/ ug{ yfn] / pgLx?sf] ;dy{gefjdf sdL cfpg yfNof] . /, Zj]t cft+sjLr o'jfx?sf] xfnt klg ;fx|} g} v/fa b]lvof] . Psflt/ eLif0f k|x/L bdg, csf]{lt/ /fhg}lts r]tgfsf] cefj Û oL b'j}sf] r]k'jfdf k/]sf o'jfx? klg bndx?af6 la:tf/} kl5 x6\g yfn] . pgLx?n] k|x/L / bndx?aLr ;Gt'lnt Jojxf/ ug{ yfn] . To;kl5 t bndx?n] cfkm"leq / aflx/sf o'jfx?sf] cg'xf/df k'ln;–bnfn / cfTd;dk{0fjfbLx? b]Vg yfn] . cfkm\gf sdL–sdhf]/Lx? t sd} dfq b]v] . To;}sf] kl/0ffd:j?k k'ln;–bnfnx?nfO{ ;lhn} dfg{ yfn]kl5, ltgLx?lj?4 cg]sf}+ …PS;gx?Ú -hgsf/jfxLx?_ ug{ yfn]kl5 bndx? hgtfaf6 PlSng yfn]sf y'k|} syfx? klg ;fj{hlgs eO/x]sf 5g\ . ef/tsf jfdkGyL af}l4sx?n] clxn] p7fO/x]sf] Pp6f ;jfn o;};Fu ;DalGwt 5– hg;+u7g / hg;+3if{ljgfsf ;}Go cfqmd0fx? tyf /fhg}lts lrGtg / sd{ljgfsf hgsf/jfxLx?n] o; u|'ksf bndx?nfO{ o:t} uf]nrSs/ (Vicious Circle) df km;fO/xg] kf] xf] ls < oL ;a} sdhf]/L hgcfGbf]ngaf6 cnu–ynu /xg] 5fkfdf/ b:tfx?sf sf/jfxLx?leq} cGt/lglxt b'u'{0fx? t xf]Ogg\ < hgcfGbf]ngsf] cefj ljZjel/sf 5fkfdf/ cfGbf]ngx?sf] Pp6f ljz]iftf xf] M 5fkfdf/ sf/jfxLk|lt pTkLl8t hgtfdf cbDo cfsif{0f Û h+unsf] cfuf]em}+ km}lng] of] hgfsif{0f hgtfsf] cfnf]rgfTds r]t hufpg] / pgLx?sf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf a9fpg] cleofg;Fu hf]8\g ;lsPg eg] 5fkfdf/ cfGbf]ng hgtfaf6 cnlUuG5 . ef/tdf klg lkk'N; jf/ u|'ksf bndx?k|ltsf] hgfsif{0fdf ;g\ !(() sf] bzs;Dddf lgs} /fd|/L j[l4 ePsf] lyof] . Tof] bzssf] cfwfcfwL;Dd bndx?sf] ;+Vofdf klg j[l4 ePsf] b]lvG5Ù / To;sf] sfo{If]qdf klg lj:tf/ ePsf] lyof] . t/ s:tf] lj8Dagf eg] o; u|'kn] hgo'4sf] gfddf :Sjfo\8 jf/ -b:tf o'4_ nfO{ g} k|fyldstf lbO/Xof] / hgtfx? rflxF r]tgf, ;+u7g / ;+3if{sf] cefjdf km]l/ Psk6s …hgo'4Ú af6 la:tf/}–la:tf/} cnlUuP . b:tf o'4df Jo:t lkk'N; jf/ u|'ksf nflu bndx?sf ;z:q sf/jfxLx? g} ;jf]{k/L eO/x]sf 5g\ . /, hgtfsf] kxnsbdL / ;lqmo ;xeflutfnfO{ sxLF k'/ssf ?kdf t sxLF guGo dxTjsf] kIfsf ?kdf lnOPsf] b]lvG5 . o; u|'ksf] lqmofzLntf /x]sf If]q / /fHox?df s'g} 7f]; hgcfGbf]ng ljsl;t x'gg;Sg' / ;–;fgf hgcfGbf]ng ljsl;t g} eP klg hgtfn] g]t[Tj ug{ gkfpg', bndx?n] g} cfGbf]ngsf] 7]Ssf lng' clg cfGbf]ngs} aLrdf b'O{ rf/j6f ad / /fOkmnsf] e/df cfqmfds sf/jfxLåf/f cfGbf]ngsf] dfu k"/f u/fpg vf]Hg' o; u|'ksf] rfl/lqs ljz]iftfh:t} x'gyfn]sf] 5 . jfdkGyL kqsf/ s[i0f l;+xsfcg';f/, …t]n+ufgfdf s'g} …hgo'4Úsf zt{x? lqmofzLn 5}gg\, ToxfF lkk'N; jf/ u|'ksf] x}l;ot Pp6f …bjfa ;d"xÚsf] ?kdf dfq} ;Lldt /x]sf] 5 . s'g} Jofks hg–uf]naGbLdfkm{t\ s'g} 7"nf] hgcfGbf]ngsf] lemNsf] klg ToxfF b]Vg kfOPsf] 5}g .Ú ef/tsf jfdaf}l4sx?sf] ljZn]if0fcg';f/, lkk'N; jf/ u|'k hgo'4eGbf klg hgo'4sf] gfddf b:tf o'4df, hgqmflGteGbf klg hgqmflGtsf] gfddf qmflGtsf] 7]s]bf/L ug]{ dfgl;stfaf6 u|l;t 5 . qmflGtsf] ;xL g]t[Tj ug'{sf] ;§f 7]s]bf/L ug{ yfn]s} kl/0ffd:j?k x'g'k5{, cr]n ToxfF hgtfn] ;lhn} ug{;Sg] / ug'{kg]{ sfddf klg bndx?n] x:tIf]k u5{g\ . h'g sfd, h'g ;+3if{ ;r]t / ;+ul7t hgtf :jo+n] ;lhn} ug{ ;S5g\, To;df klg x:tIf]k u/L bndx? cfkm}n] ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . h:tf], :yfgLo j}slNks hg;Qf lgdf{0fsf] /fd|f] p2]Zo;lxt ljutdf …u|fd /fHo ;ldltx?Ú lgdf{0f ug]{ 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] lyof] . t/ bndx?åf/f hgtfsf] kxnsbdL / ;xeflutfdfly x:tIf]k ug]{ tyf cfkm}+n] ;a} ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg u/L pknlAwx? dfq} hgtfnfO{ …sf];]nLÚsf] ?kdf afF8\g] 7]s]bf/Lsf] sfdn] yk hgkxnsbdL / hg;xeflutfsf] d'gf 6';fpg g;ls/x]sf] ljZn]if0f ;fj{hlgs eO/x]sf] kfOG5 . o:tf] l:yltdf sy+sbflrt ef/tdf lkk'N; jf/ u|'ksf] g]t[Tjdf ;z:q ;+3if{åf/f qmflGt eOxfn]tf klg Tof] qmflGt hgtfsf nflu t x'g ;Snf, t/ hgtfåf/f hgtfsf] qmflGt x'g ufx|} xf]nf . …sf];]nL qmflGtÚ hgtfnfO{ pkxf/ lbg] z}nLsf o; u|'ksf] tyfslyt hgo'4n] hgo'4s} k|d'v zt{sf ?kdf /xg] hgtfsf] ;r]t, ;+ul7t / ;+3if{zLn ;xeflutfnfO{ cj}w 7x¥ofOlbG5 . To:tf] l:yltdf efjL qmflGt s;/L hgqmflGt x'g ;Snf t < …aGbÚ h:tf] /fhg}lts cleofgnfO{ t b'O{ rf/j6f ad–lj:kmf]6 / jQmJo–adsf] e/df xn ug'{ eg]sf] hgo'4sf] sfo{z}nL x'g;S5 / < – jfdkGyL g]tf >Llgjf; k|;fb The PWG at the crossroads gfds n]vdf k|Zg p7fpF5g\ . To;}n] aGbrflxF ;kmn x'g], t/ w]/}h;f] dfu k"/f gx'g], dfu k"/f eOxfn]tf klg hgtfsf] ;xeflutfljgfsf] ;+3if{sf] tflTjs dxTj gx'g] sfd eO/x]sf] ljZn]if0f ub}{ >Llgjf; k|;fb n]V5g\– o; u|'k s'g} hgcfGbf]ngdf 5}g, hg;+u7gx? klg o;;Fu 5}g, s]jn cfkm\gf juL{o ;+u7gx? dfq} 5g\ . To;}n] o;n] hg;xeflutf h'6fpg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . juL{o ;+u7gx?;d]t 5fkfdf/L sf/jfxLdf ;+nUg /x]sfn] tL ;a} ;/sf/L k|ltaGwsf lzsf/ ePsf 5g\ ltgLx?af6 ;/sf/L bdgsf] hg:t/Lo k|lt/f]wsf] ;+efjgf klg sd 5 .Ú lkk'N; jf/ u|'ksf] hgo'4af/] ljZn]if0f ubf{ htfaf6 3'd]/ cfP klg hgtfsf] ;r]t / ;+ul7t ;xeflutfsf] cefjd} uP/ 7f]lSsg k'U5 . ;z:q ;+3if{df hg;d'bfosf] k|ToIf e"ldsf gx'g], s]jn ;LdfGt / lgliqmo e"ldsf d} pgLx? ;Lldt x'g'kg]{ s6' jf:tljstf clxn] rf}tkmL{ ?kdf lalem/x]sf] 5 . o:tf] vfnsf] ;z:q ;+3if{ jf o'4 jf:tjdf hgo'4 x'g;S5 ls ;Sb}g, dfcf]sf] g]t[Tjdf ePsf] lrlgofF qmflGts} cGw gSsn;d]t x'g;S5 ls ;Sb}g eGg] ;jfn klg p7\g yfn]sf 5g\ . hgkxnsbdL / ;xeflutfdf sdL hgo'4sf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ b]lvG5 M jf:tjdf hgo'4 / b:tf o'4df cfsfz–hdLgsf] km/s x'G5 . jf:tljs hgo'4n] cfd"n kl/jt{gsf nflu cfwf/ tof/ u5{ / To;df hgtfsf] cfnf]rgfTds r]t;lxtsf] ;lqmo ;xefuL clgjfo{ zt{sf] ?kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . t/ …b:tf o'4Ú d"ntM sfo{stf{df cfwfl/t x'G5 . cfhsf] kl/l:yltdf …b:tf o'4Ún] s'g} vf; If]qsf pTkLl8t hgtfsf b'Mv, kL8f / zf]if0flt/ s]jn Wofgfsif{0f dfq} ug{;S5, t/ To;n] s'g} ljlzi6 vfnsf] cfd"n kl/jt{gsf/L cfGbf]ngsf nflu cfjZos hdLg tof/ ug{ ;Sb}g . s'g} hgcfGbf]ngsf] cleGg c+usf] ?kdf 5fkfdf/x? lqmofzLn ePdf …b:tf o'4Úsf] s]xL dxTj t x'g;Snf / To;n] k|ltlqmofjfbL bdgoGqsf] k|ltw|'jLo ;Gt'ngsf/L zlQmsf] ?kdf klg sfd ug{ ;Snf . t/ …b:tf o'4Ú cfkm} rflxF hgcfGbf]ng slxn] klg x'g;Sb}g . lglZrt ?kdf …b:tf o'4Údf lqmofzLn 5fkfdf/x?nfO{ hgtfn] cfkm\gf] nflu n8]sf jL/ of]4fsf] ?kdf 7fGg] / pgLx?nfO{ >4fk"j{s dfGg] sfd klg ug{ ;S5g\ . cfkm\gf] d'lQmsf nflu n8]sf jL/ of]4fx?nfO{ ltgLx?n] cfkm\gf] ;dy{g / ;xof]u klg lbG5g\ . t/ pgLx?df cfkm\g} kxnsbdL, cfkm\g} ;xeflutfsf nflu cfjZos /fhg}lts, j}rfl/s / ;f+:s[lts r]tgfsf] ljsf; cfkm;]cfkm x'Fb}g, To;sf nflu /fhg}lts ?kdf ;r]t cu'jf b:tfsf] e"ldsf v]ln/x]sf sDo'lgi6 kf6L{x?n] cx+ lhDd]jf/L af]Sg'kb{5 . of] uxg lhDd]jf/L lkk'N; jf/ u|'kaf6 axg geO/x]sf]df ef/tdf w]/} g} cfnf]rgf eO/x]sf] 5 . csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ ;jfn s] xf] eg], hg;xeflutf / hgkxnsbdLsf] cefjdf eO/x]sf] o; u|'ksf] …b:tf o'4Ú ef/tsf] jt{dfg /fHo;QfnfO{ uDeL/ r'gf}tL klg x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . /fHo;Qfsf nflu lkk'N; jf/ u|'k, sflZd/sf d';ndfg ljb|f]xLx? jf cf;fdsf pNkmf ljb|f]xLx? hlQ klg 6fpsf] b'vfOsf] ljifo aGg ;ls/x]sf] 5}gÙ g t of] s'g} hgcfGbf]ng g} x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5 . hgcfGbf]ng ePsf] eP o;sf] ;+3if{nfO{ 7]ufgf nufpg /fHo;QfnfO{ w]/} ufx|f] x'GYof] . t/ ef/tLo /fHo;Qfn] clxn] klg o;sf] ;z:q ;+3if{nfO{ ;+3if{ k|efljt /fHo–ljz]ifx?sf] 6fpsf] b'vfOeGbf w]/}dfly /fv]/ xn ug'{ h?/L g} 7fg]sf] 5}g . bndsf lx+;fTds sf/jfxLx?sf] lgx'F agfP/ ef/tsf] /fHo;Qfsf c+ux?sf ?kdf lqmofzLn /fHosf bdgsf/L oGqx?n] 7"n–7"nf bdgrqmx?rflxF rnfO/x]sf 5g\ / ljleGg dfWodx? k|of]u u/]/ cfkm\gf] bdgrqnfO{ ;xL / hfoh 7x¥ofpg ;d]t tL bdgsf/L oGqx? ;kmn klg eO/x]sf 5g\ . –of] t jf:tjdf /fHo;Qfdf cGt/lglxt rl/q g} xf] . oxL rl/qnfO{ a'em]/ Aofks hgcfGbf]ng cGtu{t 5fkfdf/ sf/jfxL cufl8 a9fpg g;Sg' o; u|'ksf] sdhf]/Lsf] ?kdf b]vfkl//x]sf] 5 . csf]{lt/ ef/tLo /fHo;Qfn] bdgrqm, hglxtsf/L sbd / dgf]j}1flgs o'4åf/f lkk'N; jf/ u|'knfO{ PSNofpg] /0fgLlt ;kmntfk"j{s nfu" ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . o;}sf] k|ltlqmofdf lx+;f ug]{ o; u|'k clxn] lx+;f–k|ltlx+;fsf] b'Zrqmdf kml;/x]sf] 5 . o;}sf] ;a}eGbf vt/gfs kIfsf] ?kdf Aofks hgr]tgf, hg;+u7g / hg;+3if{dfkm{t\ /fhg}lts cfGbf]ng tLa| kfg]{ s'/f Ph]08feGbf aflx/ /xg k'U5 / 5fkfdf/ b:tfx?åf/f ul/g] lx+;|s sf/jfxLx? g} d'Vo jf ;jf]{k/L x'gk'U5, h'g o; u|'ksf nflu ;To ;fljt eO/x]sf] 5 . o;}sf] ;a}eGbf vt/fhgs lbzfsf] ?kdf sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ /fhg}lts, j}rfl/s / ;f+:s[lts ;+u7g eO/xg'sf] ;§f ;}lgs kf6L{df kl/jlt{t x'g k'U5 . lkk'N; jf/ u|'kåf/f ;+rflnt o:tf] ;z:q ;+3if{nfO{ b:tf o'4 eGg] ls hgo'4 eGg] < hgtfsf] kxnsbdLnfO{ lgif]w ug]{ / cfnf]rgfTds ;xeflutfnfO{ s'l07t ug]{ o'4 s;/L hgo'4 x'g;S5 < s;/L of] o'4 dfcf]sf] g]t[Tjdf hgtfsf] ljzfn ;xeflutfdf ;DkGg ;z:q ls;fg qmflGtsf] cg'z/0f / dfcf]sf qmflGtsf/L ljrf/x?sf] canDag x'g ;S5g\ < of] s;/L bL3{sfnLg hgo'4 x'g ;S5, hals o;df bL3{sfnLg hgo'4sf lgodx?sf] s'g} kfngf ePsf] 5}g, s]jn of] b:tf o'4df dfq} ;Lldt 5 < – oL ;jfnx?aLr clxn] lkk'N; jf/ u|'ksf] g]t[Tj 3]l/Psf] 5 . dfgjclwsf/jfbLx?sf] v'nfkq jf:tjdf clxn] o;sf] ;+3if{åf/f k|efljt If]qleq / s]xL xb;Dd aflx/ klg o; u|'ksf] ;z:q ;+3if{af/] ax; / ljjfb eO/x]sf] 5 . o:tf ax; / ljjfbx?df u|'ksf a'l4hLjLx?b]lv lnP/ dfgjclwsf/Lx? / s]xL ;dfhzf:qLx?n] klg w]/} g} ;jfnx? p7fpg yfn]sf 5g\ . w]/}h;f]sf] ;jfn s] 5 eg] s]jn s]xL ;z:q b:tfx?sf cfqmfds sf/jfxLaf6 dfq} hgqmflGt x'g]jfnf 5 ls 5}g < s]xL ;docufl8 o; u|'k;Fu ;DalGwt a'l4hLjL tyf dfgjclwsf/jfbLx?n] lkk'N; jf/ u|'knfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]/ Pp6f v'nfkq k|sflzt u/]sf lyP . k|Voft JolQmTjx? s]=hL= sGgfla/g, hL= x/uf]kfn tyf cGo a'l4hLjL / dfgjclwsf/jfbLx?sf] v'nfkq clxn];Dd klg lgs} rlr{t / ax;sf] ljifo alg/x]sf] 5 . o; u|'k;Fu 3lgi7 ?kn] hf]l8Psf JolQmTjx?sf] To; kqdf lkk'N; jf/ u|'kåf/f 8]9 bzsb]lv ul/Fb} cfPsf /fhgLlts Jojxf/ / o;sf gLltx?dfly k'g/fjnf]sgsf] dfu ul/Psf] 5 . cToGt ljrf/0fLo cx+ ;jfnx? p7fpg] qmddf kqdf pgLx?n] o; u|'ksf gLltx?df ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fsf nflu hguf]naGbLsf] ;§f ;}lgs p2]Zox?dfly a9L hf]8 lbOg yfn]sf]df ulx/f] lrGtf JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . v'nfkqdf :ki6 ?kdf elgPsf] 5 M æxfdLnfO{ s] 8/ nflu/x]sf] 5 eg], o;/L hf]8 lbg] sfdaf6 hgtfsf cfsf+Iffx?sf] ;f; lg:;fl;g a]/ 5}g . s}of}+ dfldnfdf cfGbf]ngnfO{ la:t[t ug]{ k|hftflGqs k4ltx?sf] 7fpFdf ;Dk"0f{tM zf/Ll/s zlQmsf] pkof]u ul/Psf] jf:tljstf xfdLn] b]v]sf 5f}+ .Æ v'nfkqdf elgPsf] 5 M æxfdLnfO{ s] dx;"; x'G5 eg] lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwx?nfO{ lgzfgf agfpg] tkfO{+x?sf] gLltdfly, To:tf] ck|hftflGqs b[li6sf]0fdfly k'glj{rf/ x'g' h?/L 5 . xfd|f] ljrf/df lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwx?nfO{ dfg]{ – cfqmd0f ug]{ /j}of eg]sf] cToGt u}/–h?/L / ;f/tM zlQmk/s 5 .Æ ;/sf/L k'ln;, hf;"; jf xf]duf8{x?sf] xTofk|lt hgtfsf] df}gtfnfO{ cfkm"k|ltsf] ;fdflhs :jLs[ltsf] ?kdf lng' x'Fb}g eGb} kqdf elgPsf] 5 – æd'7e]8 / cfqmd0fsf] qmddf k'ln;, hf;"; jf xf]duf8{x?sf] g[z+; xTof eO/x]sf 5g\ . o:tf g[z+; xTofk|lt hgtf df}g /xg'nfO{ g} xTofx?n] ;fdflhs :jLs[lt kfO/x]sf] jf tL xTofx? Gofof]lrt 5g\ eGg] 7flgPsf] ts{ lbg] rng 5 . xfd|f] ljrf/df o:tf ts{x? nf]Eofpg] vfnsf ldYof ts{x? x'g\ . o:tf ts{x?s} Aofks k|;f/n] of] cfGbf]ng o; dfldnfdf hgtfaf6 PlSng yfn]sf] xfdLn] dx;"; u/]sf 5f}+ . xfn} dfq cfkm\gf] ufpF uO/x]sf] Pshgf xf]d uf8{sf] ckx/0f / p;sf] xTof o;}sf] 7f]; pbfx/0f xf] .Æ hgh{:tL k};f c;'nLn] k}bf u/]sf] ljs[lt lkk'N; jf/ u|'ksf] ;a}eGbf cfnf]rlt csf]{ kIf xf] M hah{:tL k};f c;'n ug]{ tl/sf Û lglZrt ?kdf o; u|'ksf bndx?n] cfkm\gf] k|efj If]qsf hgtf, ;xof]uL, ;dy{s / z'e]R5'sx?af6 cfly{s ;xof]u lnO/x]sf] 5 . t/ To;af6 cfpg] /sdeGbf ;of}+ u'gf a];L df]6f] /sdrflxF o;n] hldGbf/, bnfn, sfnf] wGbf ug]{x?, 7]s]bf/ / ljleGg Joj;foLx?af6 p7fpg] u5{, Tof] klg gLltut ?kd} . k};f p7fpg] qmddf hah{:tL ul/Psf, xltof/sf] wDsL b]vfOPsf / a}+sx?af6 n'l6Psf pbfx/0fx? klg ;fj{hlgs ePsf 5g\ . hah{:tL k};f c;'Ng] / n'6\g] sfo{n] ubf{ of] u|'k gS;njfbL kf6L{x?dWo] ;a}eGbf wgL kf6L{ eO;s]sf] atfOG5, of] u|'k;Fu s/f]8f}–s/f]8 /sd /x]sf] atfOG5 . ;z:q ;+3if{nfO{ ;jf]{k/L dfGg] of] u|'k qmflGtsf nflu ;a} g}lts–cg}lts sfo{nfO{ hfoh 7x¥ofpg k6Ss} lxlRsrfpFb}g . /, tL ;a} /sd zlQmzfnL xltof/ lsg]/ l56f] eGbf l56f] qmflGt ug'{nfO{ x/]s lx;fj ;xL 7x¥ofpg of] u|'k pBt 5 . gLltut ?kdf h]–h:tf] elgPtf klg clxn] Jojxfl/s ;d:ofx?n] 6fpsf] p7fpg yfn]sf] 5 . k};f c;'Ng] / n'6\g] qmd;Fu} o;sf bndx?df w]/} ;do cufl8b]lv g} 8/nfUbf cfly{s ljs[ltx? hlGd/x]sf 5g\ . klxnf] ljs[lt xf] M k};fk|ltsf] df]x . sfo{stf{x?b]lv s]xL g]tfx?df ;d]t 7"nf] wg/flz b]v]kl5 wglnK;f a9]sf], sf]if lxgfldgf ePsf] / n'l6Psf] /sdsf] lx;fj–lstfa /fd|/L gb]vfpg] /f]u a9\bf] 5 . bndx? cg'zfl;t kf6L{ ;+/rgfsf] ?kdf lqmofzLn gePsf] sf/0fn] / ToxfFleq kf/bzL{kgfsf] cefjn] ubf{ e|i6frf/Lx?n] cg's"n jftfj/0f kfPsf 5g\ . csf]{ ljs[lt xf] M k};fjfnx?;Fu sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] cj}w ;fF7ufF7sf] ;Defjgf . hxfF h'g;'s} kf6L{df klg /fhgLlts g]tf–sfo{stf{x? / Jofkf/L–pBf]ukltx?aLr ;Dks{, ;fF7ufF7 ePdf /fhg}lts ljs[lt k}bf ePsf] 5 . To;dfly o; u|'kn] 7]s]bf/ / Joj;foLx?b]lv lnP/ bnfn, sfnf Jofkf/L / hldGbf/x?;Fu;d]t k};f c;'n]sf] kfOG5 . hgtfsf] k};f / ;dy{g–;xof]uaf6 rNg'kg]{ hgtfsf] kf6L{n] k};fjfnx?af6 ljzfn wg/flz hDdf ug{ yfn]kl5 of] u|'ksf] zq' / ldq 5'6\ofpg] k|fjwfg / b[li6sf]0fdf ;d]t km]/abn cfpg ;S5 ls ;Sb}g < h;n] k};f lbG5, pmk|lt g/d x'g], p;sf] :jfy{k|lt ;r]t x'g] x'gfn] o; u|'ksf] juL{o b[li6sf]0fdf ;d]t ljrng cfpg] / ju{ ljZn]if0fcg';f/ zq' lsQfdf bl/Psfx?k|lt g/d x'g] ;+efjgf a9\5 ls a9\b}g < juL{o cfwf/df zq' / ldqsf] klxrfg ug'{sf] ;§f k};f s;n] lbG5, s;n] lbFb}g eGg] cfwf/df zq'–ldqsf] klxrfg ug]{ rng z'? eof] eg] qmflGtsfl/tf v/fgL eO{ e|i6frf/ / c/fhstf df}nfpF5 ls df}nfpFb}g < k};fn] b[li6sf]0f / cfr/0f lgwf{/0f ug]{ l:yltdf s'g} sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ g} eO/xG5 ls /xFb}g < – oL ;jfnx? klg ef/tsf jfd af}l4sx?n] p7fO/x]sf 5g\ . To;dfly o; u|'knfO{ v'nfkq n]Vg] s]=hL= sGgfla/g, hL= x/uf]kfn tyf cGo a'l4hLjL / dfgjflwsf/jfbLx?n] hah{:tL k};f c;'Ng] / n'6\g] sfo{sf] klg lj/f]w u/]sf 5g\ . pgLx?n] kqdf kf6L{ / kf6L{sf] gfddf ;a}vfn] c;fdflhs tTjx?åf/f hah{:tL k};f c;'Ng] / n'6\g] sfo{ eO/x]sf pbfx/0fx? /fVb} eg]sf 5g\– æcfGbf]ngsf] lhDd]jf/L s] xf] eg] p;n] s]jn cdfgjLo 9+un] k};f c;'nLsf] qmdaf6 kl5 x6\g'k5{ / To:tf cjfl~5t 36gfx?nfO{ klg t'?Gt /f]Sg'k5{ .Æ r'gfj alxisf/sf] kfv08 r'gfj alxisf/h:tf] /fhg}lts cleofg;d]t hgtfsf] ;r]t / ;+ul7t kxnsbdLdf cufl8 a9fpg'sf] ;§f bndx?sf] aGb"ssf] e/df ug'{ hgo'4sf] lgod ljk/Lt ePsf] ljZn]if0f >L lgjf;k|;fbsf] 5 . pgL n]V5g\– …hgtfsf] ;r]t / ;lqmo ;xeflutfljgf, bndx?n] aGb"ssf] e/df r'gfj alxisf/ ug]{ ePsfn] w]/}h;f] jlxisf/ c;kmn ePsf 5g\ . slxn]sfxL+ t o;sf] r'gfj jlxisf/ g} kfv08k"0f{ ePsf pbfx/0fx? klg 5 . Psflt/ r'gfj alxisf/ eGg], csf]{lt/ hgtfnfO{ sf+u|]; jf ax'hg ;dfhjfbL kf6L{ jf c? s'g} ljkIfL kf6L{lt/ ef]6 xfNgsf nflu bndx?n] Ozf/f ug]{ . – of] kfv08n] ubf{ klg o;sf] r'gfj jlxisf/ c;kmn ePsf] xf] .Ú r'gfj alxisf/s} ;Gbe{df o; u|'k;Fu glhssf a'l4hLjL tyf dfgjclwsf/jfbLx?n] klg hfoh ;jfnx? p7fPsf 5g\ . v'nf kqdf pgLx?n] n]v]sf 5g\ – æuPsf] k6s s'/fsfgL x'Fbf xfdLn] s] s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf lyof}+ eg] r'gfjsf] alxisf/ lx+;fåf/f hah{:tL nfu" ug]{ sfo{ plrt 5}g . clxn] xfdL ljutsf] ToxL c8fg km]l/ Psk6s hf]8bf/ ?kdf bf]xf]¥ofpFb} eGg rfxG5f}+ – …tkfO{+x? ;+oldt x'g'k5{ / cfufdL r'gfjdf tkfO{+x?n] s'g} klg k|sf/sf] lx+;f jf zlQm k|of]u ug'{x'Fb}g . cfkm\gf ;a} lsl;dsf ;Ldfx?sf afah"b klg r'gfjh:tf aLraLrdf eO/xg] k|hftflGqs k|lqmofx?n] hg;d'bfonfO{ Ps xb;Dd cfkm\gf bfjLx? k]z ug]{ / cfkm\gf cfsf+Iffx? cleJoQm ug]{ df}sf k|bfg u5{g\ . bL3{sfnLg ?kn] x]g]{ xf] eg] ;/sf/L lg/+s'z ;+:s[ltsf] k[i7e"lddf o:tf k|lqmofx?af6 k|hftflGqs cfofd g} la:t[t x'G5 . xfdLn] ljut bzsb]lv b]lv/x]sf 5f}+ M r'gfj alxisf/sf nflu tkfO{+x?n] ug]{ cfXjfgsf afah"b klg hgtfn] ljleGg sf/0fjz To; cfXjfgsf] kfngf ul//x]sf 5}gg\ . s:tf] klg b]lvPsf] 5 eg] s'g} s'g} r'gfj If]qdf tkfO{+x? :jo+n] klg r'gfj alxisf/sf] cfXjfgnfO{ n'sfpg'ePsf] 5 . o;af6 kfv08kg g} k|s6 x'G5, h'g ;+:s[lt s'g} j}slNks hgjfbL ;+:s[ltsf] ;[hgfsf nflu sbflk ;xof]uL x'g ;Sb}g .Æ r'gfj alxisf/;DaGwL kfv08kg ta a];L 8/nfUbf] ?kdf b]lvPsf] 5, ha s'g} If]qdf r'gfj alxisf/sf] cfXjfgnfO{ ;fsf/ t'Nofpg hgtf / ljkIfL kf6L{sf sfo{stf{ g]tfx?dfly zlQm / lx+;f k|of]u ul/G5, t/ csf]{ s'g} If]qdf slxn]sfxL+ alxisf/sf] s'/} p7fOFb}g, lj/f]w ug}{ k/]df s'g} ljz]if /fhg}lts kf6L{sf] dfq} vf]O/f] vGg] / c? kf6L{x?sf] af/]df df}ga|t a:g] sfd ul/G5 . ljutsf] cfGw| k|b]zsf] r'gfjdf o; u|'kn] t]n'u" b]zd kf6L{sf] w'Fjfwf/ lj/f]w u¥of], t/ sf+u|];k|lt df}gtf ;fw]/ …7f]; ;Gb]zÚ lbg vf]Hof] . klxn] klxn]sf r'gfjdf klg o; u|'kn] sf+u|]; kf6L{sf] hah{:t lj/f]w ug]{, t]n'u" b]zd kf6L{sf] af/]df r'F;Dd klg gaf]Ng] bf]wf]/]kg b]vfPsf pbfx/0fx? y'k|} 5g\ . t]n'u" b]zdsf g]tf Pg=6L= /fdf/fjn] slxn] o; u|'ksf] k|efjIf]qdf @ xhf/ s/f]8 ef? cg'bfg lbP/ t slxn] u|'ksf g]tf–sfo{stf{x?nfO{ …b]zeQm cGgfÚ -efOx?_ eg]/ nf]EofP/ cfkm\gf] r'gfjL :jfy{sf] xltof/sf] ?kdf o; u|'knfO{ ck|ToIf 9+un] k|of]u u/]sf lyP . /, clxn] sf+u|]; kf6L{ / ax'hg ;dfhjfbL kf6L{h:tf k"FhLklt juL{o kf6L{x? of] u|'knfO{ cfkm\gf] xltof/ agfpgdf ;kmn eO/x]sf] atfOG5 . o;df ef/tsf jfdaf}l4sx?sf] k|Zg s] 5 eg] cflv/ of] s:tf] qmflGtsfl/tf xf], s:tf] clt jfdcfGbf]ng xf], hf] a'h'{cf bnx?sf] ;fwg aGgk'U5 < ef/tsf jfd a'l4hLjL / dfgjflwsf/jfbLx?sf ;jfn, ts{ / jf:tljs tYox?n] s] b]vfO/x]sf 5g\ eg] jf:tjdf lkk'N; jf/ u|'k qmflGtsf/L sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] ;§f Pp6f ;}lgs kf6L{df kl/jlt{t x'Fb} uO/x]sf] 5 . o; u|'ksf] lrGtg / sd{df cfPsf] km]/abnsf af/]df ef/tsf k|l;4 ;dfh j}1flgs cfzLif gGbLsf] ljZn]if0f oxfF cToGt dxTjk"0f{ / ljrf/0fLo b]lvG5 . pgL eG5g\ – ælkk'N; jf/ u|'ksf] eljio lgs} wldnf] 5 . o;sf] d'Vo sf/0f s] xf] eg] lkk'N; jf/ u|'kn] lx+;fsf] kyaf6 cfkm"nfO{ cnUu kfg{ ;ls/x]s} 5}g . j:t'tM k'ln; / bdgsf/L e"–:jfdLx?lj?4 k|lt/f]wsf nflu lx+;fsf] ;xf/f lng' 7Ls 5 . t/ To;kl5 eg] To:tf] ;do cfpF5, ha cfGbf]ngsf] lj:tf/sf] h?/t x'G5 . xf], Toltv]/sf] r/0fdf lx+;fsf] dfu{ TofUg' kb{5 . t/ lkk'N; jf/ u|'kn] To;f] u/]g . of] p;sf] xf/ xf] . To;} sf/0fn] o; ;+u7gsf] cfGbf]ng lzlyn x'Fb} uO/x]sf] 5 .Æ æjf:tjdf, /fHo–Joj:yflj?4 s'g} klg lx+;|s cfGbf]ngn] cfkm\gf] ;+3if{nfO{ bL3{sfn;Dd hf/L /fVg ;Sb}g . Psflt/ lx+;|s cfGbf]ngx?df zfd]n x'g] hgtf la:tf/}–la:tf/} yfSg yfN5g\, t/ csf]{lt/ eg] /fHo–Joj:yfn] k6Ss} gyfsLsg cfkm\gf] n8fOF hf/L /fV5 . ====lkk'N; jf/ u|'kn] Aofks :t/df hgtfsf] ;dy{g xfl;n ug{ ;s]g . of] p;sf] lbjflnofkg xf] . pm b]zsf ax';+Vos hgtfnfO{ k|ltlqmofjfbL ;DemG5 . =====lkk'N; jf/ u|'kn] cflv/ lsg cfkm\gf] k|efj sfod ul//fVg ;s]g t < o; ljifodf b'O{j6f kIf :ki6 ?kdf b]lvG5 . Pp6f kIf t lx+;fsf] dfu{ g5f]8\g' g} xf], csf]{ clt g} w]/} dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] M o; ;+u7gnfO{ ef/tLo ;dfh / ;+:s[ltsf] af/]df w]/} g} sd 1fg / cg'ej x'g' . lkk'N; jf/ u|'knfO{ cfkm\gf] k|efj a9fpg' 5 eg] p;n] ef/tsf] ;+:s[lt / oxfFsf] :jefjaf/] uxg 1fg xfl;n ug}{k5{ .Æ à ;dfKt ;Gbe{
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