Untitled Document

d"Nof+sg kl/jf/

;DkfbsLo M
b]pjf ;/sf/;fd'sf r'gf}tLx?
gf/fo0flx6L xTofsf08 M csf]{ cfof]u u7g x'g'k5

 

cGtlqm{of M
s] zfxj+zsf /fhfx? b]zeQm lyP <
–Zofd >]i7


36gf / k|j[lQ M ;fx;sf ;fy
hf]lvddf lxF8\g
b]pjf cEo:t
x'g'x'G5 eg]===
–>Ls[i0f clg?4
uf}td

 

gLlt÷;+:s[lt M
nfvdf Ps
s[i0fk|;fb kGt
—vu]Gb| ;+u|f}nf

 

lj=s=cf= M
hgo'4sf] gfddf …b:tfo'4Ú
–/fh]Gb| dxh{g


cfj/0f syf M
s] jftf{ ;kmn xf]nf < ;/sf/ dfcf]jfbL
jftf{
–Zofd >]i7
cGo

 

cfTdsyf M
xfdLn] n8fs" bn
agfP/ s'6kL6
cfGbf]ng rnfPsf
lyof}+ –lgd{n nfdf –t'N;Lbf; dxh{g

 

lstfj M
g]kfnL hg
cfGbf]ng M hfkfgL n]lvsfsf] snd

 

cy{tGq M
cy{–/fhgLlts cfFsngdf o;
jif{sf] ah]6
–xl/ /f]sf

 

cGtlqm{of M
k"“hLjfbsf]
abln+bf] :j?k

 

 

E-mail Address:
yuwa@ntc.net.np

Office:
Putalisadak
Kathmandu
Nepal
Tel: 422769
Fax: 423549

Mailing Address:
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Mulyankan Issue 89, July/August 2001 www.mulyankan.itgo.com

36gf / k|j[lQ

;fx;sf ;fy hf]lvddf lxF8\g b]pjf cEo:t x'g'x'G5 eg]===

>Ls[i0f clg?4 uf}td

k|wfgdGqLaf6 lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] alxu{dg / Tof] 7fp"df z]/axfb'/ b]pjfsf] cfudg cfkm}+df s'g} c:jfefljs 36gf xf]Og . t/, sf]O/fnflj?4 cf]Ol/Psf k|Zgx¿ / ltgsf] ;d'lrt pQ/sf] cefjsf sf/0f k|wfgdGqLdf b]pjfsf] cfudgnfO{ c:jfefljs ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . d}n] o; 36gf–ljsf;nfO{ c:jfefljs 7fg]sf] 5}g / of] xf]Og klg . lsgeg], of] ;Qfwf/L g]kfnL sf+u]|; kf6L{sf] g]t[Tj kl/jt{g dfq xf] . ;/sf/s} kl/jt{g cyf{t\ ;/sf/sf] lg/Gt/tfdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g xf]Og, s]jn g]t[Tj–kl/jt{g xf] . o;sf/0f, JolQm sf]O/fnfsf] alxu{dg;"u} d'n'ssf ofjt\ ;d:ofx¿sf] tTsfn lg/fs/0f ;Dej 5 eGg] s'/fdf dnfO{ kTof/ nfu]sf] 5}g . t/, k|wfgdGqL b]pjfsf] ;xdltd"ns JolQmut sfo{z}nLsf k|efj:j¿k g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_l;t ;+jfbsf] jftfj/0f aGg;Sg] cfzf;Dd ug{ ;lsG5 . o;n] ult lnG5, ln+b}g eGg] s'/f sf+u]|; kf6L{sf] ljrf/ / sfo{lbzfdf lge{/ u5{ . To;df k|wfgdGqLsf] ;lqmotf dfq kof{Kt x'"b}g .

lgZro g} ;/sf/ k|d'vsf] ;d:ofnfO{ x]g]{ sf]0f / sfo{z}nLn] lgsf;sf] dfu{k|z:t ug{ 7"nf] d2t k'U5 . t/, bnLo k|0ffnLdf kf6L{sf] b[li6sf]0f / ;Dk"0f{ ljrf/ kIfnfO{ Psflt/ /fv]/ csf]{lt/ ;/sf/nfO{ :jtGq 7fGg ldNb}g / Tof] ;Dej x'"b}g klg . o;nfO{ bnLo k|0ffnLdf lglxt cÍ'z cyjf lgoGq0f h] eg] klg x'G5 . ;/sf/ kf6L{sf] DofG8]6eGbf aflx/ hfg ;Sb}g . uof] eg] l6Sb}g . z]/axfb'/ b]pjfsf] ;/sf/ sf+u]|; ;/sf/ ePsfn] sf+u]|; kf6L{sf] k|j[lQ / k|s[ltsf] k|ltlaDa b]pjfdfly k5}{ k5{ . o;y{, xfdLn] b]pjf ;/sf/nfO{ klg jt{dfg cj:yfdf sf+u]|;df k|efjL /x]sf ljrf/, ;+:sf/ / rl/qs} cfnf]sdf x]g'{k5{ . dfcf]jfbL g]tf k|r08n] em}+ b]pjfnfO{ To;af6 5'§\ofP/ x]l/of] eg] Tof] ljZn]if0f cfwf/e"t ¿kd} q'6Lk"0f{ x'g]5 . lsgeg], o; k4ltdf ;/sf/sf] nufd kf6L{sf xftdf x'G5 eGg] s'/f t ;fdfGo–1fgsf] cefj gePsf] hf] s;}nfO{ klg /fd|/L yfxf 5 .

xf], ;+;bLo k4lt k|sf/fGt/n] k|wfgdGqLo k4lt g} xf] . clg, k|wfgdGqLsf] j}wtf ;+;bLo bn / ;+;bLo bnsf] j}wtfsf] lgSof}{n ug]{ lgsfo eg]sf] kf6L{ g} xf] . k|wfgdGqLn] kf6L{nfO{ cfkm\gf] k|fyldstfdf ;xdt u/fpg ;s]df dfq kf6L{ k|wfgdGqLsf] dfu{df cj/f]w aGb}g, ;xof]uL aG5 . b]pjf ;/sf/, s:tf] ;/sf/sf] ¿kdf lrlgg] xf] < o;n] dfcf]jfbLl;t s'g} sfo{k|wfg ;Demf}tf ug{ ;S5 ls ;Sb}g < oL / o:tf vfnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/sf nflu ;j{k|yd xfdLn] sf+u]|; g]tfx¿ / sf+u]|;k+lQmsf] efje"ld, ljZjb[li6, ;[hgfTds Ifdtf / j}rfl/s u|x0fzLntfsf] ljj]rgf ug}{k5{ . o;sf ;fy}, kf/:kl/s ;b\efj / b'ef{j, :g]x / j}/efjh:tf JolQm–JolQm aLrsf cGt/;DaGw klg x]g}{k5{ . clg, s] klg a'em\g'k5{ eg] j}rfl/s w/ftndf sf+u]|; ljutdf sxf" lyof], cfh sxf" 5 < o;y{, dnfO{ oL ;a} ljifox¿lt/ cf"vf lrDn]/ b]pjfsf] sfo{–kl/0ffdsf] cfsng c;Dej 5 eGg] g} nfU5 .

eGg t w]/} lj1x¿ sf+u|]; cfkm\gf] ljrf/df k|:6 5 eG5g\ . t/, dnfO{ To:tf] nfUb}g . a?, sf+u]|; ljrf/df k|:6 gePs}n] d'n's cndlnPsf] eGg' 7Ls x'G5 . ax'bnLo k|hftGq, ;+;bLo Joj:yf, ;+j}wflgs /fh;+:yfk|lt Psf]xf]/f] k|lta4tf hfx]/ ub}{df ljrf/ k|:6 ePsf] dflgb}g . oL t ;+ljwfgd} n]lvPsf 5g\ . x'g t k|hftGq eg]s} ax'bnLo x'G5, PsbnLo cyjf lgb{nLo x'"b}g . k|hftGq cyf{t\ nf]stGqd} ax'bnLotf cGtlg{lxt x'G5 . k|hftGqnfO{ g l;ª\ rflxG5 g k'R5/, of] cfkm}+df k"0f{ x'G5 . k|hftGq g};lu{s xf], clwsf/ xf] xfd|f] . of] s;}n] lbg'kb}{g, t/ hgtfn] cfkm}+ NofPsf] k|hftGq, hgtfnfO{ g} /fhfaf6 lbOPsf] 5 . d 7fG5', oxf"g]/ hgtf ckdflgt ePsf 5g\ . x's'd ePsf] s'/f klg sxL+ k|hftGq x'G5 < x's'd / k|hftGq ;+;f/df sxL+ klg Ps} 7fp"df a:b}gg\ . t/, sf+u]|;n] Pp6f k|hftflGqs kf6L{ eP/ klg o; ckdfgnfO{ b]v]/ klg gb]v] em}+ u/]sf] lyof], 5 . clg, b'Mvsf] s'/f s] 5 eg] c¿ ;+;bLo kf6L{x¿n] ;d]t sf+u]|;s} z}nLsf] cg'df]bg u/]sf 5g\ . jf:tjdf k|hftflGqs ;+ljwfg, hglgld{t cyf{t\ ;+ljwfg ;efn] g} agfPsf] x'g'kb{Yof], x'g'k5{ . o;df b'O{ dt x'g ;Sb}g . Tolta]nf Tof] x'g ;s]g5 eOuf] dflglnp", t/ sd;]sd ;+jt\ @)$* ;fnsf] klxnf] k|ltlglw;efn] ;+zf]wg / cg'df]bg u/]/ To;df hgtfsf] :jfldTj :yflkt ug'{kb{Yof] . To;f] ug{ s;n] /f]s]sf] lyof] < sf+u]|;n] kxn lsg u/]g / cfh;Dd klg Tof] uNtL lsg ;RofOPsf] 5}g < To;}n] sf+u]|; k|hftGqaf/]sf ljrf/df ;d]t k|:6 5}g .

ca s'/f u/f}+, ;+;bLo Joj:yfsf] . sf+u]|;n] ;+;bLo Joj:yfnfO{ lglj{sNk 7fg]sf] / dfg]sf] 5 . hals, s'g} klg k|hftflGqs Joj:yf lglj{sNk x'g} ;Sb}g, k|hftGqleq} To;sf ljsNk x'G5g\ . ;+;bLo Joj:yf zf;g k4ltsf] Pp6f k|sf/ xf], hf] d'VotM a]nfotdf 5, ef/tdf 5, hfkfgdf 5 . a]nfot / hfkfgdf ;+j}wflgs /fh;+:yf ePsfn] Toxf" ;+;bLo Joj:yf g} pko'Qm 5 elgPsf] 5 . t/, ef/t u0ftGq eP/ klg ;+;bLo Joj:yf lsg < Tof] ;/f;/ a]nfotsf] gSsn lyof], xf] . la|l6; pklgj]zsf] pwf/f] Û g]kfnn] ef/t / a]nfotsf] gSsn u/]sf] 5 . s'/f olQ dfq xf] . gof" ;+ljwfg agfp"bf g]kfnL hgtfsf] /fo lnOPsf] lyPg . hgtfnfO{ s:tf] k|sf/sf] Joj:yf rflxG5 eg]/ ;f]lwPsf] klg lyPg . lgZro g} k|hftGq cyf{t\ hgtGq t rflxG5, of] ;Eo dfgjsf nflu cljefHo xf], :jtGqtfh:t} Û t/, zf;gsf] k|sf/ klg k|hftGqdf sxL+ dflyaf6 nfb\g kfOG5 < clg, dflyaf6 nflbPsf] Joj:yf k|hftGq s;/L x'G5 <

;+;b\åf/f k|wfgdGqL r'Gg';§f hgtfåf/f k|ToIf lgjf{lrt k|wfgdGqL emg\ a9L k|hftflGqs x'G5 . To:tf] k|wfgdGqL hgtfk|lt ;f]em} pQ/bfoL x'G5 / hgtfk|lt k|ToIf pQ/bfoL k4lt g} jf:tljs k|hftGq xf] . 7Ls 5, ljwflosf t /fVg}k5{, t/ ljwflosf cyf{t\ ;+;b\n] k|wfgdGqL agfpg] l;:6d vf/]h ug{ ;lsG5 . ljwflosfnfO{ ;f"RrLs} Joj:yflksf agfpg ;lsG5, s] To;f] u/] x'"b}g < d o; ljifodf oxf" w]/} lj:tf/df hfg rfxGg, lsgeg] o;n] w]/} nfdf] 7fp" lnG5, hf] clxn] ;Dej 5}g . t/, d}n] oxf" of] rrf{ ug'{sf] tfTko{ sf+u]|;sf] ;+;bLo Joj:yf lglj{sNk xf] eGg] sygsf] v08g ug{ g} xf], oBlk ckjfb x'g'x'G5Ù sf+u]|;s} s]Gb|Lo ;b:o g/xl/ cfrfo{, hf] o; ljrf/l;t ;xdt x'g'x'G5 . pxf"n] o; ljifodf k|z:t lrGtg ug'{ePsf] 5 t/ sf+u]|;sf sltko h8 t/ :yflkt g]tfx¿n] cfrfo{sf] v'n]/} lj/f]w u/]sf 5g\ . d}n] ;f/df s] eGg vf]h]sf] x'" eg], jf:tjdf sf+u]|;sf] ;+;bLo Joj:yf lglj{sNk xf] eGg] s'/f hah{:tL xf], em"6 xf] . k|hftGqleq} o;sf ljsNk 5g\ . vf]Hg ;Sg'k5{ . b]Vg ;Sg'k5{ .

To:t}, ;+j}wflgs /fh;+:yfsf] s'/f 5 . sf+u]|;sf] c;f/ ^ ut]sf] s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf] a}7sdf /fh;+:yfnfO{ kf/bzL{ / dof{lbt agfpg] ljifodf 5nkmn eof], lg0f{o eof] . t/, To;sf] kGw| lbgkl5 c;f/ @@ ut] sf+u]|; dxfdGqL ;'zLn sf]O/fnfn] To;nfO{ lg:t]h kfg]{ jStJo lbg'eof] . To;sf] s]xL lbgkl5 sf+u]|; s]Gb|Lo sfof{noaf6 k'gM c;f/ ^ ut]s} lg0f{o ;b/ eGg] cfzosf] jStJo cfof] . t/, dxfdGqL oyfjt\ x'g'x'G5, pxf";"u em"6sf] v]tL u/]sf]df :ki6Ls/0f dfluPsf] 5}g / cg'zf;gsf] sf/afxL klg ul/Psf] 5}g . oL ofjt\ ljifoaf6 s] b]lvG5 eg], cfh sf+u]|;nfO{ ljrf/åf/f 8f]¥ofOPsf] 5}g . ljrf/åf/f g8f]¥ofOPsf] ;d"x JolQmsf] ;gs / nx8df rN5 . clg To:tf] ;d"xsf] g]t[Tj s'g} klg ;dodf k|ltudgtkm{ pGd'v x'g;S5 .

o;y{, k|wfgdGqL b]pjfsf] dfu{ cToGt hf]lvdn] el/Psf] 5 . cyf{t\ ha;Dd pxf"sf] kf6L{ oyfl:yltdf hsl8P/ /lx/xG5, ta;Dd s'g} k|wfgdGqL l:y/ /xg ;Sb}g / l:y/tfsf] cefjdf nIo klg k|:6 x'"b}g . Tof] rfx] dfcf]jfbL;"u ;+jfbsf] ;Gbe{ xf];\ cyjf ;j{bnLo Go"gtd ;dembf/Lsf] s'/f, s'g} klg sfo{ ;'l:y/tfk"j{s cl3 a9\g c;fWo} d'lZsn 5 . o; cj:yf / kl/l:yltdf d'n'sn] s'g lbzf lng] xf], cfsng ug{ ;lsFb}g . cyf{t\ b]pjf ;fx;sf ;fy c"Wof/f]df lx"8\g slt cEo:t x'g'x'G5, ;kmntf / ljkmntf To;}df lge{/ u5{ . c"Wof/f]df lxF8\g cEo:t x'g'x'G5 eg] cfzf u/f}+, pxf" ;kmn x'g'x'g]5 . t/, x'g'x'Gg eg], pxf"sf] ofqf slt ;'/lIft 5— To;sf] sNkgf clxn] g} ug{ ;lsG5 . cyf{t\ ;Qfwf/L kf6L{sf] ljrf/ / sfo{lbzf k|:6 eP dfq ;/sf/n] ;fy{s k|ltkmn lbg;S5 . t/, To;sf nflu x'g'k5{, sf+u]|;sf] qmflGtsf/L nf]stflGqs cled'vLs/0f clg To;}af6 pmhf{ lnP/ kf6L{–;+u7g / ;/sf/sf] kl/rfng ug'{k5{ . gu/] ;a} sfo{ k'/fg} z}nLdf x'g]5g\ . clg, k'/fgf] z}nLsf] b'b{zf xfdL ;a}n] b]lv;s]sf 5f}+ . à

?;L cy{tGq k'gM dGbLlt/

ljZjdf t]nsf] efp / UofF;sf] d"No rf}k§} a9\gfn] psfl;Psf] ?;sf] cy{tGq k'gM !((* df h:t} eofjx dGbLsf] lzsf/ x'g] 5fF6sfF6 b]lvPsf] 5 .

uPsf] ;fn, cyf{t\ ;g\ @))) df &=^ k|ltztsf b/n] ?;df cfly{s a[l4 ePsf] lyof] . k/Gt', ?;L ;/sf/ eGb}5– of] jif{ cfly{s a[l4b/ To;sf] cfwf dfq x'g]5 . To;dfly uPsf] dlxgfdf dxFuL PSsf;L XjfQ} r'lnof] / @% k|ltzt k'Uof] .

k]/L; Snasf] gfddf lrlgg] klZrdf ;/sf/x?sf] ;fx"sf/ ;+:yfnfO{ ?;n] ltg'{kg]{ ljb]zL C0f dfq} clxn] $* c/a cd]l/sL 8n/ k'u]sf] 5, h;dWo] clwsf+z C0f ;f]leotsfnLg C0f xf] . ;g\ @))! df ?;n] k]/L; SnanfO{ of] C0fdWo] #=% c/j 8n/ ltg'{kg]{ arga4tf lyof] . t/ ?;L ;/sf/n] eg] @))! sf] ah]6df !=@$ c/j 8n/ dfq 5'6\ofPsf] 5 . C0f ltg{ ?;n] ul/x]sf] cfgfsfgLn] klZrdf ;fx"sf/ ;/sf/x?sf] l/;sf] kf/f] lgs} a9fPsf] 5 . pgLx?aLr 6s/fj rs]{sf] 5 . ?;L /fi6«klt EnfbLdL/ k'6Lgn] pgLx?nfO{ cfZj:t kfg{ ;Dk"0f{ C0f ltg]{ arg t lbPsf 5g\, t/ Jojxf/df eg] ltl//x]sf 5}gg\ .

To;f] t ?;l;t clxn] k};}sf] vfFrf] eg] lyPg . k]6«f]lnod kbfy{sf] d"Nodf ut ;fn sfkmL a[l4 ePsf]n] p;sf] Aofkfl/s art clxn] ^! c/a 8n/ k'u]sf] 5 . p;Fu clxn] @%=( c/a 8n/sf] ljb]zL d'b|fsf] ;l~rlt 5, h'g ut jif{;Dd !!=% c/a 8n/ dfq lyof] .

k/Gt' ?;nfO{ dGbLlt/ n}hfg] sf/s–tTj p;sf] lgof{tof]Uo j:t'sf] ;+/rgf ePsf] 5 . ?;sf] ljb]zL d'b|f sdfpg] d'Vo j:t'x?df b}lgs pkef]usf t}of/L dfnx? Hofb} sd 5g\, sRrf kbfy{x? lgs} Hofbf 5g\Ù h:tf] t]n / UofF; . t}of/L dfndf ljb]zL d'b|f sdfpg] d'Vo j:t' xft–xltof/ / ef]8\sfsf] lgof{t ePsf] 5 . clxn] ljZj ahf/df t]n, UofF; / cGo sRrf kbfy{sf] d"Nodf sfkmL lu/fj6 cfPsf] 5 . oxL lu/fj6 g} ?;L cy{tGqsf] aaf{bLsf] d'Vo sf/0f aGg nfUb}5 . à

36gf / k|j[lQ

5f]/Lx?n] klg 5f]/f;/x ;DklQ kfpg] Û

– d'Qmf >]i7

k|hftGqsf] k'g:yf{kgf ePsf] !@ jif{kl5 dlxnfx?sf] nfdf] ;do;Ddsf] h'emf? ;+3if{sf] kmn:j?k aNn clxn] 5f]/Ln] klg 5f]/f;/x k}t[s ;DklQ kfpg] ;Defjgf k}bf ePsf] 5 . of] ;Defjgf 5f]/Ln] klg k}t[s ;DklQdf ;dfg clwsf/ sfod ug{ k|:t't d'n'sL P]g @)@), P3f/f}+ ;+zf]wg ljw]osdf ePsf] ljjfbf:kb k|fjwfgnfO{ x6fpg] lg0f{o ePkl5 k}bf ePsf] xf] . k|ltlglw ;efsf] Gofo, sfg"g tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf ;ldltn] xfn;fn} ;j{;Ddt lg0f{o u/]/ …5f]/Ln] kfPsf] c+z ljxfkl5 dfOtLnfO{ lkmtf{ ug'{kg]{Ú of] ljjfbf:kb k|fjwfg x6fPsf] 5 .

:d/0fLo 5, pQm ljw]os @)%@ ;fndf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] lbPsf] lgb]{zgcg';f/ g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] ;/sf/n] ;+;bdf k]z u/]sf] lyof] . To; ljw]osdf klxn]sf] d'n'sL P]gdf ePsf] …5f]/L #% jif{;Dd ljjfx gu/L a;]df dfq 5f]/f;/x c+z kfpg]Ú eGg] s'/fnfO{ x6fP/ …5f]/Ln] klg 5f]/f;/x g} c+z kfpg] s'/fÚ pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] . t/ To;} ljw]ossf] !^ g+= a'Fbfdf …5f]/Ln] kfPsf] c+z ljxfkl5 dfOtLd} 5f]8]/ hfg'kg]{Ú pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] . /, kl5 To; a'Fbfdf 7"nf] ljjfb pTkGg eof] . dlxnf clwsf/jfbL ;+3–;+:yf tyf a'l4hLjLx?sf] nflu of] k|fjwfg dfGo ePg . t;y{ o; k|fjwfgnfO{ x6fpg ;+3if{ x'g yfNof], ax; tyf lqmof–k|ltlqmof x'g yfNof] . ;+;bleq} klg ljjfb p7\of] .

Gofo, sfg"g tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf ;ldltn] k}t[s ;+klQdfly …dlxnfsf] clwsf/ rflxG5 ls rflxFb}g <Ú eGg] ljifodf hgdt lng ;e]{If0f u/fof] . ;e]{If0fdf (@=* k|ltztn] …5f]/LnfO{ klg 5f]/f;/x c+z lbg'kg]{Ú / *%=@ k|ltztn] …5f]/Ln] kfO;s]sf] c+z ljxfkl5 lkmtf{ ug'{ gkg]{Ú dt hfx]/ u/] . o; ;e]{If0faf6 k|i6} s] b]lvof] eg] 5f]/LnfO{ c+z lbOof] eg] ;dfhdf ljs[lt km}lnG5 / ax';+Vos hgtfx? 5f]/LnfO{ c+z lbg] s'/fsf] kIfdf 5}gg\ eg]/ eGg]x? k"0f{tof unt 5g\ . a? ax';+Vos hgtfx? 5f]/LnfO{ klg 5f]/f;/x ;DklQ lbg'k5{ eGg] kIfdf 5g\ .

;e]{If0fsf] oxL kl/0ffdkl5 g} k|ltlglw ;efsf] Gofo, sfg"g tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf ;ldltn] …5f]/Ln] kfO;s]sf] ;DklQ ljxfkl5 lkmtf{ lbg' gkg]{Ú lg0f{o u/]sf] xf] .

jf:tjdf ;/sf/n] k|hftGq k'g:yf{kgf ePsf] nuQ} kl5 ;+ljwfgdf Aoal:yt ;dfgtfsf] xs;Fu aflemg] / gf/L ;dfgtfsf] nflu afwf k'¥ofpg] sfg"gx? x6fP/ gofF ;dtfd"ns k|hftflGqs sfg"g lgdf{0f ug'{kYof]{ . t/ k|hftGqsf] k'g:yf{kgfkl5 ag]sf] ;/sf/n] o;sf] nflu s'g} sbd rfn]g . o;sf nflu dlxnfx? :jod\n] Gofofnosf] 9f]sf 3R3Rofpg' k¥of] . k|hftflGqs d'n'ssf] nflu of] Hofb} b'Mvb\ / nHhfhgs s'/f lyof] . cbfntn] gf/LnfO{ ;dfg ;+klQsf] xs lbg] sfg"g agfpg] cfb]z hf/L u/]sf] klg cfh ^ jif{ eO;s]sf] 5 / ;+;bdf o;;DaGwL ljw]os k]z ePsf] klg % jif{ eO;s]sf] 5 . t/ o;nfO{ kf; ug{ g ;/sf/n] g} kof{Kt rf;f] b]vfof], g t k|ltkIfL bnn] g} . To; ljw]osnfO{ ;+zf]wg;lxt kf; u/fpgsf] nflu dlxnf clwsf/jfbL ;+3–;+:yfx? nuftf/ ;+3if{/t /lx/x] .

sf+u|]; ;/sf/ of] ljw]os ;+zf]wg;lxt kf; u/fpg slxNo} /fhL ePg . pN6f] p;n] of] ljw]ossf] af/]df hgdt ;e]{If0fsf] nflu o;nfO{ hgtfsf] ;fd' n}hfg] lg0f{o u¥of] . ;f+;bx?sf] k]G;g / ;'ljwf a9fpg] ljw]os kf; ug{ hgdt lng' k/]g, d"No tyf s/ clej[l4sf] nflu ljw]os kf; u/fpg hgdt lng' k/]g . k/Gt', dlxnfx?n] k'?if;/x clwsf/ kfpg] ljw]os kf; ug{ lsg hgdt ;e]{If0f rflxof] < st} of] ;e]{If0f ax';+Vos hgtfn] kSs} klg o; ljw]ossf] ljkIfdf dtbfg u5{g\ eg]/ 9'Ss eP/ ul/Psf] ;Gb]xf:kb sfd t lyPg < hgtf ljkIfdf b]lvPdf of] ljw]os ;+;baf6 kf; gug]{ hfn;fhL t lyPg of] <

o;} ljifodf Gofo, sfg"g tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf ;ldltsf ;efklt dx]Gb| ofbj dw's/;Fu lh1f;f /fVbf pxfFn] eGg'eof]– æof] ljw]os xfd|f] ;ldltdf klxnf]k6s k]z ePsf] xf] / o;df 7"nf] ljjfb klg eof] . To;}n] o; ljw]ossf] af/]df a'l4hLjL sfg"gj]tf, dfgj clwsf/jfbL, /fhg}lts kf6L{x? tyf ;fwf/0f hgtfsf] dt / dg;fo a'‰gsf] nflu ;e]{If0f ul/Psf] xf] . o; ;e]{If0faf6 /fd|f] kl/0ffd lgSNof] . *%=@ k|ltzt hgtfn] …5f]/Ln] kfO;s]sf] c+z ljxfkl5 lkmtf{ ug'{ gkg]{Ú dt hfx]/ u/] .Æ

olb of] ;e]{If0f hgdtsf] sb/ ug{ g} ul/Psf] xf] eg] o;nfO{ ca pk|fGt x/]s ljw]osdf glh/s} ?kdf u|x0f ul/g'k5{ . vfln dlxnfsf] xs;DaGwL ljw]os dfq xf]Og, hgtfsf] hLjgdf c;/ kfg]{ vfnsf s'g} klg ljw]os af/] ;DalGwt kIfsf] dt a'‰g] k/+k/f g} a;flng' k5{ . hgtfnfO{ c;/ kfg]{ vfnsf s'g} klg ljw]os kf; ug{sf nflu hgtfsf] /fo a'‰g' coGt /fd|f] k|hftflGqs k4lt xf] . o; k4ltaf6 hgtfsf] ;jf]{Rrtf sfod x'G5, pgLx?sf] ;zQmLs/0f x'G5 / hgtfsf] dtcg';f/ sfg"g aGg] k|hftflGqs klqmof alnof] x'Fb}hfG5 . :jL8]g, gj]{, 8]gdfs{ h:tf w]/}h;f] :Sofl08leog b]zx?df / So"afdf of] k4lt nfu' ePsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfndf klg o;f] ul/Psf] v08df g]kfnsf] k|hftGq klg dha"t x'g]5 .

t/ h]xf];\, ca s] cfzf ug{ ;lsG5 eg] of] ljw]os ca ;+;baf6 klg kf; x'g]5 / 5f]/Lx? klg k}t[s ;DklQsf xsbf/ x'g]5g\ . To; ljw]osdf cem}klg ax'ljjfx, ue{ktg, ljw'jf ljjfx;DaGwL a"Fbfx?df ljjfbx? /x]sf 5g\ . tL ljjfbx?nfO{ 6'+UofO;s]kl5 ;ldltn] cfkm\gf] lg0f{o;lxtsf] l;kmfl/; k|ltlglw ;efdf k7fpg] 5 .

;f+;b nLnfdl0f kfv/]nsf cg';f/– æof] ljw]os o;} ;+;bdf k]z x'g]5 . / o;} ;+;baf6 kf; klg x'G5 xf]nf . lsgeg] Gofo, sfg"g tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf ;ldltdf ;+;bdf ePsf k|foM ;a} kf6L{sf k|ltlglwx? 5g\ . To;n] …5f]/LnfO{ 5f]/f;/x c+z lbg] / ljxfkl5 lkmtf{ ug'{ gkg]{Ú s'/f gLltut ?kdf ;j{;Ddltn] kf; ul/;s]sf] 5 . o;/L ;ldltaf6 kf; eO;s]sf] ljw]os k|foM ;+;baf6 kf; x'G5 g} . To;}n] of] ljw]os klg ;+;baf6 kf; x'G5 .Æ

cem} klg ;+;bdf ePsf s]xL kf6L{x? / ;f+;bx? 5f]/LnfO{ …c+z lbg' kg]{Ú s'/fsf lj/f]wL 5g\ . To;}n] of] ljw]os kf; gu/fpg s]xL if8oGq klg x'g;S5 . o;df ;a} kIf ;r]t /xg' k5{ / o;} ;+;baf6 of] ljw]os kf; u/fpg ;a} If]qaf6 bjfa lbg'k5{ .

t/ of] ljw]os kf; xF'b}df dlxnfx?sf] ;dfgtfsf] nflu x'g] ;a} ;+3if{x? ;dfKt eP eGg ldNb}g . dlxnfx?n] ;DklQdf clwsf/ kfpg' eg]sf] gf/L ;dfgtfsf nflu ul/g] ;+3if{x?sf] Pp6f cfwf/ dfq xf] . cem} klg ;dfhdf clwsf+z dlxnfx? c;r]t 5g\ / pgLx? ;fdflhs pTkL8g, zf]if0f tyf aGwgdf k/]sf 5g\ . of] l:yltdf ;DklQdfly sfg"gL clwsf/ x'Fb}df Tof] :jtM nfu' eO{ xfNb}g / clwsf/ x'Fb}df pgLx? To; aGwgaf6 d'Qm klg x'Fb}gg\ .

l5d]sL d'n's ef/tdf g} …5f]/Ln] klg 5f]/f;/x c+z kfpg]Ú sfg"g ag]sf] w]/} eO;s]sf] 5, t/ Tof] sfg"g cem} Jojxf/df nfu' eO;s]sf] 5}g . To;}n], g]kfndf klg sfg"gdf 5f]/Ln] c+z kfpg] ePtf klg To;nfO{ Jojxf/df nfu' ug{–u/fpg lgs} hl6n / nfdf] ;+3if{ cfjZos kg{;S5 . o;sf] nflu dlxnfx? c? a];L ;r]t, ;+ul7t / ;+3if{zLn x'g' cfjZos 5 . à

/l;ofjn v'b{ nf]6g af"w g]kfnlj?4 ef/tsf] csf]{ zq'jt\ Aoaxf/ :ynut e|d0faf6 kms]{/

–uf]ljGb jt{dfg

g]kfnsf] ^@ j6f 7fpFdf ;Ldf cltqmd0f ul//x]sf] ef/tn] cGt/f{li6«o lgod–sfg"g ljk/Lt blIf0fL l;dfgfdf afFwx? afFw]/ g]kfnL e"–efu / afl;Gbfx?nfO{ hndUg kfg]{ zq'jt\ Aoaxf/ klg lg/Gt/ ub}{cfPsf] 5 . To;sf] kl5Nnf] pbfx/0f xf]– /l;ofjn v'b{ nf]6g afFw . of] afFw g]kfnsf] ?kGb]xL lhNnfsf] g]kfn–ef/t ;LdfjtL{ If]q dr{jf/ glhs} aGb}5 .

g]kfn–ef/t l;dfgfsf] cfwf lsnf]ld6/leq} alg/x]sf] of] afFwn] g]kfnsf] dr{jf/ If]qsf !* j6f uf=lj=;=x? g/fd|/L k|efljt x'g] a'lemPsf] 5 . To;cg';f/, s/La ! nfv @% xhf/ g]kfnLx?sf] pl7af; x'g] / cfdf, eujfgk'/, y'd'xjf lkk|xjf, /f]OgLxjf, a]ts'O{+ofF, s/f}tf, km/]jf uflj;x? k'/} tyf demufjf, j}/3f6, dof{bk'/, xDxl/of, uf]gfxf, ;+emf}gks8L, c;'/}gf, l;nf}l6of, l;kjf, af]u8L uflj;sf s}of}+ ufpFx? 8'afgdf kg]{ s'/f ljz]if1x?n] atfPsf 5g\ . To; afFwaf6 g]kfnsf] ## xhf/ x]S6/ s[lifof]Uo hdLg hndUg x'g] / !# ju{ lsnf]ld6/ If]qkmn k|efljt x'g] ljz]if1x?n] atfPsf 5g\ .

o; afFwsf] lgdf{0faf6 ljZj ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf ?kdf /x]sf] a'4sf] hGd:yn n'lDagL / ltnf}/fsf]6;d]t vt/fdf kg]{ ;+efjgf /x]sf] klg hfgsf/x?n] atfPsf 5g\ .

b'O{ b]zsf] l;dfgfsf] * lsnf]ld6/eGbf sd b"/Ldf o:tf afFwx? agfpg gkfOg] cGt/f{li6«o lgodnfO{ ldr]/ agfpg nfluPsf] o; afFwn] g]kfnnfO{ kfg]{ k|lts"n c;/sf] ;d]t :ynut cWoog ug]{ p2]Zon] dfn] ;dly{t ljBfyL{ ;+u7g cg]/f:jljo"sf] cfof]hgfdf g]kfnsf ;Ldfljb\, hn;|f]tljb\, Oltxf;ljb\, n]vs, kqsf/ tyf ljBfyL{x?sf] ^@ ;b:;Lo 6f]nLn] oxL ;fpg !) ut] To; afFwsf] lg/LIf0f u/]sf] lyof] . To;cl3 Pdfn] ;dly{t k|hftflGqs /fli6«o o'jf;+3 / g]kfnL sf+u|]; ;dly{t t?0f bn tyf g]lj;+3n] klg To; afFwsf] :ynut cWoog ul/;s]sf] 5 .

dfn] ;dly{t cg]/f:jljo"sf] cfof]hgfdf oxL ;fpg !) ut] dr{jf/ k'u]sf] 6f]nLn] ;Ldf :tDe g+= #! / #@ sf] e"–efuaf6 bzuhf kf/ u/]/ afFwsf] lg/LIf0f u/]sf] lyof] . ;Ldf :tDe g+= #@ af6 bzuhf kf/ ug]{ lalQs} c:yfoL ;Ldf k'ln; rf}sL agfP/ ef/tsf] k|fb]lzs ;'/Iff 6f]nL kfn 6fFu]/ a;]sf] e]l6of] . ToxfF ef/tLo k|x/Lx? d]lzgug;d]t lnP/ t}gfy lyP / ;fOgaf]8{df …;Ldf k'ln; rf}sL, l;4fy{gu/Ú n]lvPsf] lyof] . ;+ejtM a'4sf] hGd:yn n'lDagLnfO{ ef/tLo If]q eGg] efg lbg To; If]qsf] gfpF kl5uP/ dfq l;4fy{gu/ /flvPsf] lyof] . 6f]nLn] tL k|x/L;Fu s'/f ubf{ pgLx?n] eg] M æxfdLn] oxfF af6f] agfPsf xf}+, afFw xf]Og . t}klg ltdLx? o;nfO{ x]g{ eg]/ oxfF cfPsf 5f}, x]/]/ hfpm .Æ

ef/tsf] pQ/k|b]z /fHo ;/sf/n] z'? u/]sf] dxf/fhu+h, l;4fy{gu/ ;LdfIf]q cGtu{t kg]{ nf]6gb]lv /l;ofjn v'b{;Ddsf] !% lsnf]ld6/ e"efunfO{ hf]8\g] ;8s;lxtsf] 808f / bfgj gbL aLrsf] ax'p2]ZoLo t6aGwnfO{ nf]6g /l;ofjn v'b{ afFw gfdfs/0f ul/Psf] xf] . pSt afFw clxn] snf ufpFaf6 klZrdtkm{ # lsnf]ld6/ lgdf{0f ePsf] b]lvG5 . tLg lsnf]ld6/ afFwdf tLgj6f kfgL lgoGq0f ug]{ 9f]sf / To;df kfgL k|jfx ug]{ tLgj6f Kjfn ePsf] 9f]sf xfNg] k|f?k tof/ ePsf] 5 . To;sf] prfO kfgLsf] ;txb]lv ^ ld6/ cUnf] 5 eg] dflykl§ !^ lkm6 km/flsnf] af6f] agfOPsf] 5 . xfn aiff{t\sf sf/0fn] lgdf{0fsfo{ :ylut ePsf] Tof] afFw ef=?=!% s/f]8 nufgLdf aGb}5 . tTsfn & lsnf]ld6/ afFw lgdf{0f u/]/ kl5 * lsnf]ld6/ yKg] of]hgf ul/Psf] 5 .

;aeGbf vt/gfs s] b]lvG5 eg] pSt afFw sltko 7fpFdf g]kfn–ef/t l;dfgfsf] bzuhf;d]t ldr]/ agfOPsf] 5 .

:yfgLo ef/tLo afl;Gbfx?nfO{ …afFw xf]Og af6f] agfpg]Ú egL em'SofP/ afFw agfOPsf] s'/f ef/tLo gful/sx? atfpF5g\ . /l;ofjn ufpFsf cWoIf dbgk|;fb kf08]n] o; k|ltlglwnfO{ atfP– æxfdLn] oxfF afFw agfpg] sfdsf] z'?b]lv g} lj/f]w ub{}{cfPsf 5f}+ . l8l:6«S6 d]lh:6«]6b]lv lnP/ l;rfO ljefu;Dd xfdLn] lj/f]w hgfO;s]sf 5f}+ . xfd|f] lj/f]w cfGbf]ngsf] qmddf uf]nL;d]t rn]sf] lyof] .Æ

…of] afFw ag]kl5 tkfO{+ ef/tLox?nfO{ t kmfOb} xf]nf lg, lsg lj/f]w ug'{eof] t <Ú o; n]vssf] of] k|Zgsf] pQ/df dbgk|;fb kf08]n] eg] M æo; afFwn] g]kfnLx?nfO{ dfq xf]Og, xfdL oxfFsf ef/tLox?nfO{ klg 7"nf] gf]S;fg x'g]5 . of] afFwb]lv pQ/tkm{ klg xfd|f hdLgx? y'k|} 5g\ . tL ;a} 8'afgdf kg]{ 5g\ . To;}n], xfdLn] lj/f]w u/]sf xf}+ .Æ

afFwsf] klZrdsf] /l;ofjn ufpFsf oL ef/tLo k|wfgsxfF kqsf/x? cfPsf] yfxf kfP/ ToxfF cfOk'u]sf hf]ltif ;Dk"0ff{gGb gfdsf Ps JolStn] cfqmf]lzt d'b|fdf atfP M æof] ;a wg/fh ofbjsf] s/fdt xf] . sldzgvf]/Lsf] rSs/df To;n] oxfFsf ;f/f hgtfnfO{ ;tfpg of] afFwsf] lgdf{0f ub}{5 . o;n] g]kfnLx?sf] dfq xf]Og, oxfFsf ef/tLox?sf] ;d]t clxt ug]{5 . To;}n] tkfO{+x?n] o;sf] v'n]/ lj/f]w ug'{;\ .Æ

s'/f] 6'ª\UofpFb} pgn] eg] M æcfk nf]u ;Dk"0f{ ?k ;] lj/f]w lslhP .Æ pgL uf]/vk'/sf e"tk"j{ ;e]{o/ /x]5g\ .

wg/fh ofbj pQ/k|b]z /fHosf Soflag]6 dGqL x'g\ . pgL pQ/k|b]zsf l;rfO tyf pBfgdGqL x'g\ . /l;ofjn / 5]p5fpsf ef/tLo gful/sx?n] hfgsf/L u/fPcg';f/ wg/fh ofbjn] lgdf{0ffwLg afFwb]lv blIf0fdf kg]{ *% j6f ufpFx?sf] lxtsf] lglDt ToxfF hah{:tL afFw agfpg kxn u/]sf x'g\ . lsgeg] tL *% ufpFx? wg/fh ofbjsf ;dy{sx?sf ufpFx? x'g\ . wg/fh ofbjsf] ef]6 a}+ssf] ?kdf tL ufpFx? lrlgG5g\ . To;}n] r'gfjdf cfkm\gf] hLt ;'lglZrt kfg{ pgn] Tof] sfd u/]sf 5g\ . lg/LIf0f 6f]nLsf] ;xof]u ub}{ kyk|bz{sh:t} eP/ ;fy nfu]sf Onfsf k|x/L sfof{no, dr{jf/sf k|x/L OG:k]S6/ xL/f lu/Ln] klg o; k|ltlglwnfO{ ToxL s'/f cfkm"n] klg a'em]sf] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .

snf ufpFb]lv klZrd bfgj gbL;Ddsf] afFw x]/]/ kms{+bf af6fdf o; k|ltlglw;Fu e]l6P– lul/hfz+s/ kf08] . pgL ef/t;Fu hf]l8Psf] g]kfnL ufpF y'dxjf lkk|xjfsf afl;Gbf / s[ifs dfWoflds ljBfnosf lzIfs /x]5g\ . o; k|ltlglwn] ;f]w]sf] Ps k|Zgsf] pQ/df pgn] eg] M æxfdLn] z'?b]lv g} afFw lgdf{0f sfo{sf] lj/f]w ub}{ cfPsf 5f}+ . clxn] klg nuftf/ xfdL o; ;DaGwdf hgr]tgf hufpg] sfd ub}{5f}+ . To;}n] ubf{ lglxt :jfy{ ePsf oxfFsf s]xL ef/tLox? xfd|fla?4 vlgPsf 5g\ . t/ xfdL cfkm\gf] e"ldsf] /Iffsf nflu k/L cfP xltof/;lxt d}bfgdf cfpg]5f}+ .Æ

/l;ofjnsf k|wfg dbgk|;fb kf08], k"j{;e]{o/ hf]ltif ;Dk"0ff{gGb / l;dfgfsf g]kfnL lzIfs lul/hfz+s/ kf08] tyf c? s]xL ef/tLo gful/sx?n] atfPcg';f/, cem};Dd klg ToxfFsf afl;GbfnfO{ em'Sofpg Tof] …afFw xf]Og, ;8s agfpg nfluPsf] xf]Ú eg]/ ef/tLo clwsf/Lx?n] eGb} cfPsf 5g\ . afFwsf] Regulator df clxn] …kmf6sÚ xflnPsf] 5}g . ;8s g} xf] eGg] k'li6 ug{ tL ef/tLo clwsf/Lx?n] :yfgLo afl;Gbfx?nfO{ æafFw eP t kmf6s xflnxflnGYof] lg, ;8s agfPsf] eP/ ToxfF …kmf6sÚ gxflnPsf] xf]Æ eGb} cfPsf 5g\ . t/, ef/tsf] pQ/k|b]z /fHo ;/sf/sf] l;rfO ljefun] sfd u/]sf] x'gfn] klg Tof] afFw g} xf] eGg] k|i6 x'G5 . olb ;8s eP ToxfF l;+rfO{ ljefu xf]Og, ;8s ljefun] sfd u/]sf] x'GYof] . jf:tjdf Tof] lgdf{0fsfo{ !% lsnf]ld6/ e"efunfO{ hf]8\g] ;8s;lxtsf] 808f / bfgj gbLaLrsf] ax'p2]ZoLo t6aGw xf] . lg/LIf0faf6 klg d"ntM ToxL s'/f g} k'li6 x'g] b]lvof] .

afFw lg/LIf0f u/]/ lg/LIf0f 6f]nL dr{jf/ If]qaf6 e}/xjf kmls{Pkl5 !) ut] lbpF;f] e}/xjfdf o;;DaGwL Pp6f ;ef cfof]lht eof] . To; ;efdf dfn]sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o lx/0onfn >]i7n] g]kfn–ef/t ;Ldf ;d:ofb]lv lnP/ ;LdfIf]qdf cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g ldr]/ ef/tn] agfPsf] o; afFw / To;n] g]kfnnfO{ kfg]{ gsf/fTds c;/af/] lj:t[tdf AofVof ug'{ePsf] lyof] . 1ftAo 5, >L >]i7 e"uf]nljb\ klg x'g'x'G5 .

To:t}Ù dfn]sf o'jfg]tf 3gZofd e';fnn] klg ;efdf af]Nb} ef/t;Fusf] blIf0fL l;dfgfdf nuftf/ g]kfnn] ef]Ub} cfPsf] ;d:ofsf] ;du| lgbfgsf] lglDt ;':ki6 / bx|f] 9+un] ef/t;Fu jftf{ u/]/ ;d:ofsf] :yfoL ;dfwfg ug{ Pp6f ;+oGq agfpg'kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbg'eof] . Pdfn]sf lhNnf sld6L ;b:o a"Fb /fgfn] To; afFwla?4sf] cfGbf]ngdf P]Soj4tf hgfpFb} ef/tsf] o:t} ldrfxf k|j[lQsf] kl/0ffd:j?k ag]sf] csf]{ afFwn] uf}/ gu/kflnsf hndUg x'g] u/]sf] / ToxfF aiff{ofddf gu/kflnsfleq} 8'+uf rnfpg'kg]{ l:ylt ePsf] pbfx/0fåf/f cfkm\gf] ljrf/ v'n:t ug'{eof] . sfo{qmddf dfn]sf kf]ln6\Ao"/f] ;b:o lqnf]rg 9sfn, Oltxf;ljb\ r]t]Gb|h+u lxdfnL / ;flxTosf/ vu]Gb| ;+u|f}nfn] klg cfkm\gf] dt JoSt ug'{ePsf] lyof] . pxfFx? ;a} afFw lg/LIf0f 6f]nLdf x'g'x'GYof] .

g]kfn / ef/tsf] ;Ldf If]qdf 8'afg ;d:of;DaGwL sfd ug{ b'j} b]zsf k|ltlglwx? /x]sf] ;+o'St :6\ofl8Ë sld6L plxNo} alg;s]sf] xf] . ;g\ !((( gf]e]Da/ ! b]lv % ;Dd sf7df08f}df ;DkGg To; ;ldltsf] bzf}+ a}7ssf] cg';"rL @ cGtu{t /l;ofjn v'b{ nf]6g afFw;DaGwL ;d:of ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] . To;kl5 @))! hgj/L &–!@ sf7df08f}df ;DkGg P3f/f}+ a}7sdf dfr{ @))! ;Dd b'j} b]zsf k|fljlwsx?n] ;+o'St cWoog u/L ;+o'St k|ltj]bg a'emfpg] lg0f{o klg ePsf] lyof] . ToxL lg0f{ocg';f/ g]kfnL kIf bfgj gbLåf/f k|efljt If]q cWoog ug{ uPsf] lyof] t/ ToxfF ef/tLo kIf cfPg . To;kl5 klg ;+o'St :6\ofl08ª sld6Lsf] lg0f{onfO{ kfngf ug{ ef/tLo kIfn] s'g} rf;f] b]vfPg . o;af6 To; sld6Lsf] cf}lrTo g} ;+s6df kl/;s]sf] k|i6 x'G5 . t;y{ 3gZofd e';fnn] k|:tfj ug'{ePh:t} ca oL ;a} ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf] lglDt ef/t;Fu k|wfgdGqL :t/d} uDeL/tfk"j{s jftf{ u/]/ Pp6f ;+oGq lg0f{o ug'{ h?/L e};s]sf] 5 . To;sf] nflu k|wfgdGqL z]/axfb'/ b]pjfsf] cfufdL ef/t e|d0fdf of] ljifo klg Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ Ph]08fsf] ?kdf /xg' clgjfo{ b]lvG5 .

:ynut lg/LIf0faf6 kmls{Pkl5 xfn dfn] ;dly{t cg]/f:jljo"n] o;;DaGwdf k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg;lxtsf] 1fkgkq k|wfgdGqL, ;efd'v, ;f+;bx?, ;+;bLo ;ldlt / /fhgLlts kf6L{x?nfO{ a'emfpg] sfo{ u/]sf] 5 . b]zeSt ljBfyL{ ;d'bfonufot k|j'4 a'l4hLjL ju{n] ef/t;Fusf] ;Ldf / afFw lgdf{0f;DaGwL ;d:ofnfO{ cGt/f{li6«os/0f ug]{tkm{ klg u[xsfo{ z'? u/]sf] 5 . oL sfdx?nfO{ /fHon] uDeL/tfk"j{s lnP/ ;3fpg] / kl/cfP cGt/f{li6«o cbfntdf d'2f xfNg]tkm{ klg Wofg lbg' h?/L b]lvG5 . à

b]pjf ;/sf/sf nflu r'gf}tL ;fj{hlgs ;'/Iff lgodfjnL

à t'N;Lbf; dxh{g

ldl/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] ;/sf/n] gofF /fhfsf] /fHof/f]x0fsf] lbgdf ;fOt h'/fPem}+ u/L uh]6df k|sflzt u/]/ NofPsf] lg/+s'z k+rfot Ao"Ftfpg] …;fj{hlgs ;'/Iff lgodfjnL–@)%*ÚnfO{ cfdhgtfsf] dfucg';f/ vf/]h ug]{ cleef/f ca gjul7t z]/axfb'/ b]pjfsf] ;/sf/sf] sfFwdf cfOk'u]sf] 5 .

clxn] s] b]lvG5 eg] of] lgodfjnLk|lt ;Qf?9 bn g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] lul/hf SofDksf] afx]s c? s;}sf] klg ;dy{g 5}g . k|d'v k|ltkIfL bn g]skf -Pdfn]_ nufot ;Dk"0f{ k|ltkIfL bnx? lgodfjnLsf] lj/f]wdf 5g\ . g]skf -Pdfn]_n] rfn" ;+;bsf] clwj]zgdf k|j]z ubf{ g} o; lgodfjnLsf] lj?4 ;8sdf k|bz{g u/]/ dfq l;+xb/jf/leq l5g]{ sfd u/]sf] lyof] . g]skf -dfn]_sf ;ftj6f eft[ ;+u7gx?n] sf7df08f}df nfnl6g h'n";sf] cfof]hgf u/L …;f;'lgÚsf] vf/]hLsf] dfu u/]sf lyP . o; lgodfjnLsf] lj/f]ws} qmddf nlntk'/ ;+o'Qm jfdsf] cfof]hgfdf ePsf] Pp6f cfd;efaf6 ;+o'Qm hgdf]rf{sf dxf;lrj tyf ;f+;b nLnfdl0f kf]v/]n, s]Gb|Lo ;b:o lbnaxfb'/ >]i7, sfO{+nf af / g]kfn dhb"/ ls;fg kf6L{sf cWoIf tyf ;f+;b gf/fo0fdfg lah'S5]nfO{ lu/ˆtf/ ul/Psf] lyof] . ;+;bsf] clwj]zg af]nfO{;s]kl5 klg ;f+;bx?nfO{ lu/ˆtf/ u/]/ lul/hf ;/sf/n] ;+;bsf] ljz]ifflwsf/nfO{ ;d]t pNn+3g u/]sf] lyof] .

kf6L{leq jf aflx/ /x]sf k|hftGqk|]dL g]kfnLx?sf] ;femf df]rf{sf] ?kdf ljut s]xL jif{b]lv lqmofzLn ;+:yf …k|hftflGqs clwsf/ hf]ufcf}+ cfGbf]ng, g]kfnÚn] o; lgodfjnL hf/L ePsf] lbgb]lv g} o;sf] lj/f]wdf ljleGg sfo{qmdx? ub}{cfPsf] 5 . :jtGq jfdg]tf tyf dfgj clwsf/jfbL g]tf kß/Tg t'nfw/ ;+of]hs / k"j{ ;efd'v tyf jl/i7 clwjQmf bdggfy 9'Ëfgf ;x–;+of]hs /xg'ePsf] o; cfGbf]ngn] cfkm\gf] ;8s ;+3if{sf] sfo{qmddf ;a} jfd kf6L{x?sf sfo{stf{x? tyf ltgLx?sf eft[ ;+u7gx?sf sfo{stf{x?nfO{ dfq xf]Og, s}of}+ k|hftGqjfbL sfo{stf{x?nfO{ ;d]t klg ;xefuL u/fPsf] 5 .

o;} qmddf ut c;f/ !* ut] sf7df08f}df oxL cfGbf]ngsf] cfof]hgfdf …;f;'lgÚsf] lj?4 ePsf] h'n"; k|bz{gdf xHhf/f}+ dflg;x?n] efu lnPsf lyP . pQm h'n";df ;a}h;f] jfd kf6L{sf eft[ ;+u7gx?, dhb"/, ls;fg, ljBfyL{, dlxnf ;+u7gx? nufot dfgjclwsf/jfbL ;+u7gx?, n]vs–snfsf/ tyf ;f+:s[ltssdL{x?, a'l4hLjLx? / ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfx?n] pT;fxk"j{s efu lnPsf lyP . To:t}u/L ;f] cfGbf]ngn] csf]{ sfo{qmdsf] ?kdf pQm lgodfjnLsf] lj?4 c;f/ @% ut] sf7df08f}sf] 6'Fl8v]nnfO{ dfgj ;fËnf]n] 3]g]{ sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] . pQm sfo{qmddf klg xHhf/f}+ dflg;x?n] efu lnPsf lyP .

cfGbf]ngsf] qmddf …k|hftflGqs clwsf/ hf]ufcf}+ cfGbf]ng, g]kfnÚn] ;f;'lgsf] lj?4 ;a} tKsfsf dflg;x?nfO{ cfGbf]ngdf ;xefuL u/fpg ljleGg vfn] cGtlqm{of /P]Soa4tf e]nfx?sf] cfof]hgf klg u/]sf] lyof] .

6'Fl8v]nnfO{ dfgj ;fËnf]n] 3]/]sf] nuQ} o;n] ;f;'lgsf] lj?4 x:tfIf/ ;+sng sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] . sf7df08f}, nlntk'/, eQmk'/ / sLlt{k'/sf ljleGg :yfgx?df ;8s–;8sdf sk8f la5\ofO{ cfd hgtfaf6 x:tfIf/ ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] . To:t} ljleGg ;+3–;+:yfx?df sfuhsf kGgfx?df x:tfIf/ ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] . s/La ;jf nfv dflg;x?sf] x:tfIf/ lnP/ ut >fj0f !% ut] Ps h'n";;lxt cfGbf]ngsf ;+of]hs kß/Tg t'nfw/sf] g]t[Tjdf uPsf] 6f]nLn] gjlgo'Qm k|wfgdGqL z]/axfb'/ b]pjfnfO{ x:tfGt/0f u¥of] .

bdgsf/L gLlt / sfo{qmdx?nfO{ kG5fpg] qmddf /x]sf] b]lvPsf b]pjfn] cfGbf]ngsf] 6f]nL ;dIf ;f;'lgsf] vf/]hLsf] ;+s]t lbg'ePsf] 5 . yfxf eP cg';f/, pxfFn] dfcf]jfbL nufot clwsf+z ljkIfL g]tfx?nfO{ ;f;'lg vf/]h ug]{ arg lbO;Sg' ePsf] 5 .

:d/0fLo s] 5 eg] …;f;'lgÚ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& sf] efjgf ljk/Lt ePsf]n] To;nfO{ vf/]h u/L kfpmF egL ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf l/6 klg bfo/ ul/Psf] lyof] . g]skf -dfn]_ lgs6 cg]/f:jljo"sf cWoIf /ljGb| clwsf/Ln] 5'§} ?kdf, clwjQmfx? d's'Gbk|;fb kf}8]n, gf/fo0faxfb'/ v8\sf, k|]daxfb'/ yfkf / u'?k|;fb clwsf/Ln] ;+o'Qm ?kdf / ls/fFt ofSy'ª r'Dn'ª tyf g]kfn hghflt dxf;+3n] 5'§f5'§} ?kdf l/6 bfo/ u/]sf lyP . tL l/6 lgj]bgx?pk/ k|f/lDes ax; eO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntåf/f ljkIfLnfO{ sf/0f b]vfpm cfb]z hf/L eP/ cGtl/d cfb]zsf lglDt ljkIfLx?nfO{ lemsfpg] cfb]z;d]t eO;s]sf] 5 .

of] lgodfjnL clxn]sf] ;+ljwfg hf/L x'g'cufl8 k+rfotL zf;gsf] cGtlt/ ag]sf] …;f;'lgÚnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ NofOPsf] xf] . jt{dfg ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemg] of] lgodfjnLsf] cfwf/ k+rfotL ;+ljwfgcGtu{t ag]sf] P]g /x]sf]n] of] lgodfjnL k+rfot Ao"Ftfpg] sfnf] lgodfjnLsf] ?kdf abgfd ePsf] 5 . ;fy} g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg– @)$& sf] k"0f{tM ljk/Lt ePsf]n] klg of] lgs} cfnf]lrt ePsf] 5 .

lxhf]sf] lul/hf ;/sf/n] NofPsf] of] lgodfjnLnfO{ pxL kf6L{sf k|=d= z]/axfb'/ b]pjfsf] gofF ;/sf/af6 hgtfsf] dfucg';f/ tTsfn vf/]h u/L g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] cg'xf/df nfu]sf] sfnf] wAafnfO{ x6fpg] k|oTg z'? x'g' eg]sf] a'l4dfgLk"0f{ sfo{ g} x'g]5 . / o;n] hgtfsf] k|hftGqnfO{ s'l07t ug]{ lg/+s'z tTjx?dfly alnof] k|xf/ ;d]t x'g]5 .

s] Pdfn]  / dfn]n]
Pstf ug]{ g} x'g\ t <

–xl/uf]ljGb n'OF6]n

;fpg & ut] k'iknfn :d[lt k|lti7fgn] k'iknfn hoGtLsf] pknIodf cfof]hgf u/]sf] sfo{qmddf g]=s=kf= Pdfn]sf dxf;lrj dfwjs'df/ g]kfn / g]skf dfn]sL cWoIf ;fxgf k|wfgn] ;+sL0f{tf / ufnL unf}haf6 dfly p7L a[xb jfd–Pstf ug'{ cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] eGg] ljrf/ JoSt ug'{eof] . o;} qmddf !@ ut] Pdfn] gL6ssf] ljBfyL{ ;+u7gn] jfdPstfsf] cfjZostf ljifodf Pp6f ljrf/–uf]i7L u/L cGo jfd–g]tfx?sf cltl/Qm g]=s=kf= dfn]sf dxf;lrj s= jfdb]j uf}tdnfO{ klg jQmfsf] ?kdf lgDtf u¥of] .

jfdb]j uf}tdn] cfkm" Pstfsf] lglDt tof/ /x]sf] wf/0ff JoQm ug'{eof] / Pdfn] Pj+ dfcf]jfbL kf6L{ Pstf lglDt tof/ x'g'kg]{ dfu klg ug'{eof] . To;sf] ef]lnkN6 Pdfn] :yfoL ;ldlt ;b:o o'j/fh 1jfnL / dfn] g]tf jfdb]j uf}tdaLr Pstfaf/] cgf}krfl/s jftf{ ePsf] va/ kq–klqsfdf cfof] . !$ ut] Pdfn] ;+;bLo bnsf] sfof{nodf cfof]lht Pdfn]sf ;f+;bx?sf] Ps cGtlqm{of sfo{qmddf klg dfn];+usf] Pstfsf] kIfdf 8]9 bh{geGbf a9L g} ;f+;bx?n] cfjfh p7fP .

j:t'tM cfh b]zdf a[xb\ jfd Pstfsf] uDeL/ vfFrf]  /x]sf] 5 . o;lglDt cfwf/e"t dt ldNg]x?aLr kf6L{ Pstf g} ug{ / o;f] gx'g]x?aLr sfo{ut Pstf ug{ ljz]if kxn x'g' h?/L 5 . Pdfn]–dfn]aLr ePsf] km'6n] d'n'snfO{ kf/]sf] gf]S;fgLaf6 eljionfO{ arfpgsf lgldQ klg tTsfn 7f]; k|oTg x'g' h?/L 5 . of] d'n'ssf] a:t'ut cfjZostfn] hGdfPsf] dfu xf] .

o;nfO{ :jLsfg]{ kxn u/]sf]df dfn]–Pdfn] b'j} wGojfbsf kfq ePsf 5g\ .

jf:tjdf, ljutsf] sdL–sdhf]/Lsf] ;dLIff ub}{, dt}Sotfsf a'Fbf / dte]bsf a'Fbf 5'6\ofO{, dte]bsf a'Fbfx?df k|hftflGqs 9+un] cf–cfkm\gf] wf/0ff af]Sg / JoSt ug{ kfpg] xs lglZrt u/]/ Pdfn]–dfn]n] Ps eP/ g} cl3 a9\g h?/L 5 . …Psn] csf]{nfO{ :jfb rvfpg]Ú dfq lgot af]s]/ d'n'ssf] cfjZstfnfO{ eg] k"/} a]jf:tf ug]{ ;+sL0f{ / u'6jfbL ;f]raf6 b'j} kf6L{sf g]tfx? d'Qm x'g' h?/L 5 . b'j} kf6L{df cfkm\gf] JolQmut r'gfjL :jfy{ ePsfx? / …cx+Ú sf lzsf/ ePsf JolQmx?af6 Pstf–k|lqmofdfly k|xf/ ul/g] jf To;df afwf v8f ug]{ sfd x'g;S5 . b'j} kf6L{sf Pstfk|]dL g]tf–sfo{stf{x? o; k|j[lQaf6 ;fjwfg x'g' h?/L 5 eGg] xfdLnfO{ nfUb5 .

;fy}, Pstfsf] z'? zt{sf] ?kdf /x]sf] Psn] csf]{sf] /fhgLlts cl:tTjsf] ;Ddfg ug]{ sfddf / Pstfsf] k|fylds r/0fsf] ?kdf /x]sf] …;femf a'Fbfdf ldn]/ sfd ug{ yfNg] ;+:s[lt lgdf{0f ug]{Ú sfddf b'j} kIfsf Pstfk|]dLx?n] ljz]if Wofg lbg' / kxn ug'{ h?/L 5 eGg] xfdLnfO{ nfU5 .

o;}aLr, g]=s=kf= d;fn / g]=s=kf= Pstf s]Gb|sf aLrdf kf6L{ Pstfsf] kxn ug{ ag]sf] ;+of]hg ;ldltn] oxL ;fpg !^ ut] a}7s a;L Pstf k|lqmofnfO{ tLj| kfg]{ 6'+uf] u/]sf] 5 . o;cl3 !# / !$ ut] g]=s=kf= d;fnsf] s]=;= a}7sn] Pstf k|s[ofdf 9LnfO{ ePsf]df lrGtf k|s6 u/]sf] lyof] .

g]=s=kf= Pstf s]Gb|nfO{ g]=s=kf= dfcf]jfbLn] dfS;{jfbL–n]lggjfbL–dfcf]jfbL kf6L{ ePsf] 7x/ u/L ;f] 7x/ k|sfzdf NofPkl5 d;fn;Fusf] Pstf s]Gb|sf] Pstf k|s[ofdf s]xL cGof}n / rL;f]kg k}bf ePsf] a'lemPsf] 5 . b'j} kf6L{n] of] l:ylt x6fpg' cfjZos 5 . dfcf]jfbLn] cfkm"af/] u/]sf] ljZn]if0fk|lt cfkm\gf] wf/0ff /fvL o;af/] :ki6 kfg]{ kxn g]=s=kf= Pstf s]Gb|af6 x'g' h?/L 5 eGg] xfdLnfO{ nfU5 . à

k|l;4 j}1flgs lrof nfGkf]sf] lgWfg

;g\ !(#^ df kfFr nfv aif{ k'/fgf tLg dfgj vKk/ km]nf kf/L ljZjdf txNsf dRrfpg k'u]sf k|l;4 k'/ftTjljb\ tyf Sjf6g{/L
-ut aL; nfv aif{otfsf] cWoog ug]{_ e"ue{zf:qL lrof nfGkf]sf] ut c;f/ @% ut] rLgsf] /fhwfgL– a]OlhËdf lgwg ePsf] 5 . (@ jifL{o j}1flgs lrof nfGkf]nfO{ ut >fj0f ! ut] a]OlhËsf] a'afcf]zfg /fli6«o lrxfg -Bubaoshan National cemetery) df ;dflw:y ul/Psf] 5 .

j}1flgs lrof nfGkf]sf] hGd rLgsf] x]a]O k|f]leG;sf] o'l;og eGg] :yfgdf ;g\ !()( df ePsf] lyof] . pgn] ;g\ !(@( df x'Oj]g :s"naf6 :gfts u/]sf lyP . ;g\ !(#! df pgL rLgsf] s]Gb|Lo e"ue{ ;j]{If0f ;+:yfg\ (Central Institute of Geological Survey) df cg';Gwfgstf{sf] ?kdf lqmofzLn lyP .

;g\ !(#% df s]Gb|Lo e"ue{ ;j]{If0f ;+:yfg\sf k|d'v cg';Gwfgstf{ k|f]km];/ k]O j]gemf]Ësf] d[To'kl5 To; :yfgdf lrof nfGkf] lgo'Qm eP . pgn] k]lsË–dfgjsf] cWoog–cg';Gwfg ug{sf] lglDt ;g\ !(#^ df rLgsf] /fhwfgL a]OlhËaf6 ^) ls= ld= blIf0f–klZrddf kg]{ k|l;4 emf]psf] pl8og u'kmfdf ul/Psf] pTvgg\ sfo{df g]t[Tj lbPsf lyP . emf]psf]pl8og u'kmf k]lsË–dfgjsf] cWoogsf] nflu Ps k|l;4 :ynsf] ?kdf /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . To; :yndf j}1flgs lrof nfGkf]n] kfFr nfv jif{ k'/fgf tLg dfgj vKk/ km]nf kf/], h'g s'/f dfly klg pNn]v eO;s]sf] 5 .

lrof nfGkf]n] emf]psf]pl8og u'kmfdf ul/Psf pTvgg\af6 k|fKt hLjfjz]ifx?sf] cWoogaf6 k]lsË– dfgjn] cfuf] lgsfn]/ To;sf] pkof]u ug{ ;SYof] eGg] tYo kQf] nufP . k]lsË dfgjsf xf8vf]/ tyf vKk/ e]l6Psf] 7fpFdf km]nf k/]sf snfTds 9'Ë] cf}hf/ tyf pgLx?sf] z/L/ /rgfnfO{ cWoog ubf{ k]lsË–dfgj klxn] ;f]lrPeGbf pRr ;Eotfdf /x]sf] tYo klg lrof nfGkf]n] kQf nufP . lrof nfGkf]n] k]lsË dfgj / To; ;dosf hgfj/x?aLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ klg cWoog u/] . To; cWoogaf6 pgLx?n] lr;f] / Gofgf] df};dnfO{ w]/} k6s;Dd em]n]sf] tYo lrof nfGkf]n] kQf nufP .

j}1flgs lrof nfGkf]n] ;g\ !(%) b]lv k|l;4 k|frLg dfgj tyf pgLx?sf] ;+:s[ltsf] cWoogsf] nflu Ps k|l;4 pTvgg sfo{ ;kmntfk"j{s ;+rfng u/]sf lyP . cfkm\gf] cWoogsf] lgisif{sf] ?kdf pgn] ;g\ !(*) df rLg, pQ/–k"j{ Pl;of / pQ/ cd]l/sfsf] k|frLg dfgjsf] ;+:s[lt pQ/L rLgaf6 ljsl;t ePsf] larf/ k|sfzdf NofP . To; ljrf/n] ljZje/sf dfgjzf:qLx?sf] Wofgfsif{0f u/]sf] lyof] .

;g\ !(*) b]lv lrlgofF lj1fg k|lti7fg (Chinese Academy of Sciences) sf ;b:o /xFb} cfpg'ePsf a}1flgs lrof nfGkf]sf] lgwgaf6 rLgn] dfq xf]Og, ljZj j}1flgs hutn] g} Ps dxTjk"0f{ k|l;4 j}1flgsnfO{ u'dfPsf] 5 .

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