cGtlq{mof

k""hLjfbsf] abln+bf] :j?k

á dfwj s'df/ g]kfn à emngfy vgfn á l;=kL d}gfnL
à 6+s sfsL{ á xl/ /f]sf à k/L yfkf á u+ufk|;fb rf}w/L à 8f= l8NnL/fh vgfn
á ;Ltf/fd tfdfË à ljdn km'ofFn á uf]ljGb Gof}kfg]
à dx]Zj/dfg >]i7sf l6Kk0fLx?af/]

–8f= r}tGo ld>sf] k|To'Q/

;a}eGbf klxnf t d of] dGygsf] ynf] ;+of]hg ug]{ …d"Nof+sgÚk|lt / cfˆgf] ;dfnf]rgfTds wf/0ff / k|ltlqmof k|:t't ug'{x'g] ;a}nfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . of] dGygaf6 xfdL ;a} nfeflGjt ePsf 5f}+ eGg] dnfO{ nfu]sf] 5 .

oxfF p7fOPsf] ;a} wf/0ff / k|ltlqmofpk/ l6Kk0fL ug'{ cfjZos / ;Dej b'j} 5}g . To;}n], oxfF JoQm ul/Psf s]xL ljrf/ / k|ltlqmofpk/ cfˆgf] l6Kk0fL ;Lldt /fVg rfxG5' . o;/L l6Kk0fL cl3 ;fbf{ s]xL ;dfg–;dfg lsl;dsf k|ltlqmofdfly Psd'i7 l6Kk0fL ug]{5' eg] s]xL vf;vf; wf/0ff / k|Zg k|:t't ug'{x'g] ;xefuLx?sf] ljrf/dfly 5'§f5'§} l6Kk0fL ug]{5' .

w]/} 7fpFdf w]/} ;xefuLx?n] cfu|x ug'{eof], n]vdf kmnfgf] kmnfgf] ljifo 5'6\of], kmnfgf] kmnfgf] ljifodf hf]8 k'u]g, lj:t[t ePg cflb . oLdWo] s]xLsf] af/]df tn d 5'§} rrf{ ug]{5' . t/ klg oxfF d}n] k|ltcfu|x ug}{kg]{ s'/f n]vsf] k|s[lt / ;Ldf;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . k|:t't n]vsf] k|s[lt d"ntM ;+Zn]if0ffTds 5, ljZn]if0ffTdseGbf a9L . of] ljZn]if0f– k|wfg lsg /x]g, o;sf] ;/n pQ/ 5M o;df rf/–kfFr ztfAbLsf] ljZj k"FhLjfbL Oltxf;sf] ;f/–;+If]k ptfg]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 / o;df ljZj k"FhLjfbsf s]Gb|Lo cNk–ljsl;t If]q / g]kfnsf] a]Unfa]Un} t/ cGof]Gofl>t l:yltsf] ljj]rgf ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 . k|of;sf] ;fy{stf slt /Xof], ;xefuL / kf7sx?n] 5'6\ofpg] s'/f xf] . dnfO{ nfU5, ;xefuL / kf7sx?n] :jLsf/ ug{'x'G5 ls o:tf] k|of;sf] 5'§} pkof]lutf 5, ldlxg / cToGt ldlxg 36gf / kl/36gf ljz]ifsf] j0f{g, ljZn]if0f / JofVofeGbf .

n]vdf d}n] rrf{ u/]sf] 5', ljZjk"FhLjfbsf :yfg ljz]iftf / cfjlws d"n r/0fx?af/] . t/ emngfy vgfnhLsf] cfu|x 5, k"FhLjfbLsfnsf cln 5'§} kfFr r/0fx?sf] ljZn]if0f ug'{kYof]{ eGg] . l8NnL/fh vgfnhL cem ldlxt x'g rfxg'x'G5 / uPsf] &) jif{leqs} k"FhLjfbL k|lqmofnfO{ klg pxfF yk rf/–kfFr r/0fdf afF8\g rfxg'x'G5 . o:tf] r/0fLs/0fsf] ljlzi6 dxTj 5 g}, t/ clt–r/0fLs/0fn] ?v b]vfpF5, hËn n'sfpF5 . h'd|f b]vfpF5, e}+;L n'sfpF5 . ljZn]if0ffTds aGg vf]H5, d"n P]ltxfl;s kl/k|]Ioaf6 em08} k[ys t'NofP/ . o;sf] cy{ s] xf]Og eg] ?v jf h'd|f n'Sg'k5{, hËn / e}+;Ldfq b]lvg'k5{ . ;fFRr} x'g'kg]{ xf] eg] ;a} b]lvg'k5{, / ltgsf] cGof]Gofl>tkgf phfu/ x'g'k5{ . t/ s'g} klg n]v ljz]ifn] Psflt/ km}nfj6 / csf]{lt/ r/0feGbf klg k/ uP/ pkr/0fsf] a]nLla:tf/nfO{ a/fa/L :yfg lbg ;Sb}g . t;y{ n]vsf] k|s[lt / ;Ldfleq /x]/ g} k|ltlqmof ul/g'k5{ eGg] dnfO{ nfU5 .

s]xL k|ltlqmof cfPsf] 5, g]kfnsf] ljZj k"FhLjfbleqsf] k|j]z / To;kl5sf r/0f, pkr/0f / k|lqmofx?sf] ;lj:tf/ j0f{g n]vdf cfPg eGg] . sltko lx;fjn] of] cfnf]rgf :jfefljs / ck]lIft klg xf] . dfwj g]kfnhL, ;L=kL= d}gfnLhL / c?n] klg o:tf] l:yltnfO{ eljiodf s;/L kl/k"lt{ ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]af/] cfˆgf wf/0ff cl3 ;fg'{ePsf] 5 . d o;af/] ;xdt 5' . ;fy} d ;xefuL ldqx?nfO{ k|ltk|Zg ug{ rfxG5' ls– ægfzjfg k"FhLjfbsf ljz]iftfÆ zLif{ssf] n]vdf g]kfnsf] Oltxf;sf] of] kf6f]sf] ;la:tf/ j0f{g, ljZn]if0f / JofVof ug'{ slQsf] o'lQm;+ut x'GYof] <

ca nfuf}+, j:t'ut / a9L d"t{ k|ltlqmoftkm{ . emngfyhL / ;L=kL= d}gfnLhLsf d'Vo cfnf]rgfx?dWo] b'O{j6fnfO{ d ;xif{ u|x0f ub{5' / cfˆgf] n]vdf /x]sf] sdhf]/LnfO{ ;RofpFg]5' .

klxnf] xf], jt{dfg o'u d"ntM k"FhLjfbL o'u xf] eGg] d]/f] z'?sf] syg . ;L=kL= d}gfnL / c? s]xL ;xefuL ldqx?n] klg of] sygdfly l6Kk0fL ug'{ePsf] 5 . kSs} klg of] o'u k"FhLjfbLdfq xf]Og, k"FhLjfblj/f]wL o'u klg xf], oBlk oxfF of] klg eGg' cfjZos 5 ls of] lj/f]w ;dfhjfbL k|s[ltsf] dfq geP/ cGo ljleGg k|s[ltsf] klg 5 . ;f] s'/f n]vsf] klxnf] jfSo nuQ} k5fl8sf jfSo / cg'R5]bx?df c+lst g} 5 . t/ klg d cfˆgf] z'?sf] jfSosf] cltzof]lQm :jLsf5'{ . of] e"nnfO{ JofVof ug'{kbf{ d oltdfq eGg rfxG5' ls lj/f]w / cGtlj{/f]wsf] afah"b x'Fb}cfPsf] k"FhLjfbsf] nfdf] / nfuftf/sf] ljho cleofgsf] jf:tljstf tYout ?kdf ;dfhjfbLx?n] klg :jLsfg'{ kg]{ x'G5 . o; s'/fnfO{ hf]8 lbg d}n] of] cltzof]lQm pRrf/0f u/]sf] x'F .

bf];|f], emngfyhLn] eGg'ePem+} ;fd|fHojfbL zlQmx?aLrsf] åGå / ;+efljt ljZjo'4kl5 klg k"FhLjfb hLljt} /xg;S5 . t/, ;fy} d of] klg eGg rfxG5' ls, k"FhLjfbsf] Wj+zsf] nflu cGo pkqmdsf] cnfjf cGt/;fd|fHojfbL ljZjo'4 ckl/xfo{ 5 . emngfyhLn] æ%) jif{cl3 g]kfn c4{;fdGtL / cw{cf}klgj]lzs b]z lyof] eg]/ s'g tYo, s'g ;+/rgf / s'g ljZn]if0fdf cfwfl/t /x]/ eGg ;lsof] < Tolt a]nfeGbf clxn] s] s] s'/fdf km/s cfof] / s] s] cfwf/df cw{;fdGtL / cw{cf}klgj]lzs ePg elgof]Æ eGg] k|Zg ug'{ePsf] 5 . of] k|Zg lg/y{s 5, lsgsL d}n] %) jif{cl3 g]kfn ;fdGtL jf cw{;fdGtL lyof] eg]/ slxNo} eg]s} 5}g / d of] dfGotf /flVbg klg . pGgfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] dWob]lv g} g]kfnL cy{tGq d"ntM k"FhLjfbL /x]sf] xf] eGg] d]/f] dfGotf !% jif{cl3 g} k|sflzt ePsf] xf] . of] dfGotf ;xL xf] jf xf]Og Tof] 5'§} kIf xf], t/ d]/f] d'vdf dnfO{ g} kmh'n nfUg] af]nL pxfFn] /flvlbPsf] eg] ;'xfPg .

emngfyhLsf] cGo k|ltlqmof Tolt bdbf/ 5}gg\ eGg] dnfO{ nfU5 . k"FhLjfbsf] pbo rf/;o jif{cl3 eof] jf kfFr;o jif{cl3, of] tflTjs ljifo xf]Og . o;af/] lj:t[t ?kdf xl/ /f]sfhL / u+uf rf}w/LhLsf] k|ltlqmofdfly l6Kk0fL ubf{ v'nf;f ug]{5' . bf; k|yfsf] pbo / ljsf; ;fdGtjfbL k|0ffnLsf] pkh ePsf] / k"FhLjfbL k|0ffnLsf] kl5Nnf]sfndf sd;]sd k"FhLjfbL s]Gb|Lo If]qx?df lgif]w ePsf] tYo n]vdf k|:t't u/]sf] 5' . afFsL /Xof], bf; k|yfnfO{ k"FhLjfbsf] k"jf{w{sf] cGt/+u ;+/rgf xf] jf xf]Og eGg] ljjfb . o;nfO{ d olt d} 6'+Uofpg / kf7sx?dfly 5f]8\g rfxG5' . bf; k|0ffnLsf] r/df]Tsif{ / tLI0ftd zf]if0f k"FhLjfbsf] k"jf{w{d} eof], ;fdGbjfbcGtu{t xf]Og . cyf{t\, k"FhLjfbsf] husf ;fy} w]/} dflyNnf tnfx? bf;sf /ut / kl;gfn] l;+lrt ePsf] xf] .

emngfyhLsf] wf/0ffdf Pp6f cgf}7f] lj/f]wfefif b]vfk5{ . Psflt/ pxfF k"FhLjfbsf] cfwf/e"t lj/f]w pTkfbs zlQm / pTkfbg;DaGwaLrsf] lj/f]wfefif xf] eGg'x'G5 . t/ k|:tfjgf:j?k olt elg;s]kl5 eg] k"FhLjfbcGtu{tsf r/0fx? ljefhg ubf{ oL b'O{aLrsf] cGt/lj/f]wsf] pkhsf] ?kdf gu/]/ pxfF o;nfO{ em08} em08} k|fljlws / tslgsL ljsf;sf] cfwf/df ug'{x'G5 . …x:t–pBf]uÚ, …oGq–pBf]uÚ, …a'l4 pBf]uÚ r/0fx?sf] jsfnt o;} sf]6Ldf k5{g\ . cem …a'l4 pBf]uÚsf] r/0fkZrft\ k"FhLjfbsf] ;dflKt x'g;Sg] ;+efjgf klg b]Vg'x'G5 . yk, cf}klgj]lzs ;fd|fHosf] hu klg …oGq pBf]uÚsf] sf/0f ePsf] cf+sng ug'{{x'G5 . hals l;+uf] pQ/ cd]l/sf, blIf0f cd]l/sfnufot clk|msfsf ljleGg e"–efu / Plzofsf ef/tnufotsf ljleGg e"–efu / cy{tGqdf cf}Bf]lus qmflGt b'O{–tLg ztfAbLcl3 g} cf}klgj]lzs bdg :yflkt e};s]sf] xf] .

Psk6s km]l/ of] slyt …a'l4 pBf]uÚ lt/ kmsf}{ . kSs} klg uPsf] %–& jif{sf] k"FhLjfbL cy{zf:qdf / c? ;flxTodf …a'l4 pBf]uÚsf] k|of]u k|r'/dfqfdf ePsf] 5 . /, oL zf:qx?df o;nfO{ æe"tf] g eljioltÆsf] kf/fn] a8f /x:ofTds t'NofOPsf] 5 . dnfO{ nfU5, emngfyhL s]xL xbdf of] /x:ofTds hfnf]df km:g k'Ug'ePsf] 5 . …a'l4 pBf]uÚ :yflkt ug{ kSs} klg s]xL ljlzi6 k|sf/sf] k|fljlws ljsf; h?/L lyof] / To;n] d"t{tf ln+b}5 . t/ o;sf] jf:tljs ;f/ eg] k'/fg} xf] .

k"FhLjfbL s]Gb|df To:tf pBf]udf nufgL a9\5, h;df nufgLsf] cg'kftdf gfkmf b/ pRr x'G5 . 8]9 ztfAbLcl3 sk8f pBf]udf s]lGb|t lyP, k"FhLjfbL s]Gb|Lo If]q / d'n'ssf k"FhLkltx? . ha To;df gfkmf b/ sd x'gyfNof], Tof] pBf]u hfkfg x'Fb} sf]l/of, ef/t, rLg ;¥of] . To;}u/L wft' pBf]u, df]6/ pBf]u, k]6«f]n pBf]u cflbdf gfkmf b/ pRr /Xof] / k"FhLjfbL If]qx?df oL pBf]ux?df a9L nufgL cfslif{t eof] . tLdWo] s]xL ca cGo …sd ljsl;tÚ If]qdf :yfgfGtl/t eP / x'Fb}5g\ . clxn] gfkmf b/ pRr /x]sf dWo] cf}iflwhGo ;fdfg, k]6«f]nnufot cGo pmhf{;DaGwL ;fdfg, ;fdl/s ;fdfg / On]S6«f]lgS; k5{g\ -h;dWo] sDKo'6/ xf8{j]o/ / ;ˆ6j]o/, OG6/g]6, 6]lnsDo"lgs];G; cflb_ pNn]vgLo 5g\ . cyf{t\ …a'l4 pBf]uÚsf] /x:o pRr gfkmf b/ g} xf], h'g l;+uf] k"FhLjfbsf] …v'nf u"9fy{Ú xf] . csf]{ lsl;dn] eGg] xf] eg] xfnsf] OG6/g]6 klxn]sf] /]l8of] 6]lnu|fkm, 6]lnkmf]g g]6js{ gul/Psf] sf]7f sf]7fdf 5'§f5'§} /flvPsf] sDKo"6/sf] hf]8 / ljsl;t ?k xf] .

jt{dfg …a'l4 pBf]uÚsf] ;fob Pp6} rl/qnfO{ dfq gjLg eGg ldNnf . Tof] xf]– ljZjJofkL ?kdf cToGt s8fOsf ;fy nfu' ug{ nfluPsf] …a'l4–kf]tÚ jf …a'l4–lt/f]Úsf] Joj:yf . kf]t / lt/f]n] 5f]6f] cjlwsf] nflu k"FhLklth:t} df]6fpF5, t/ l;+uf] kf]t / lt/f] Joj:yfn] l;+uf] k"FhLjfbL Aoj:yfsf] ultnfO{ dWod / bL3{sfndf s'l07t kf] kf5{ ls eg]/ z+sf ug]{x? klg lgs} 5g\ . kf]t / lt/f] Joj:yf jf:tjd} k"FhLjfbsf] geP/ ;fdGtjfbsf] Bf]ts kf] xf] . of] k'vf}{nL c+z vfg] s'/f xf], cfkm}n] lg/Gt/ sdfpg]eGbf .

hxfF;Dd emngfyhLn] / c? s]xL ;xefuL ldqx?n] klg g]kfndf k"FhLjfbsf] pbo slxn] eof], ljsf; s:tf] /Xof], jt{dfg l:ylt s:tf] 5 eGg]af/]sf] rrf{ o; n]vdf gu/]sf] eGg'ePsf] 5, Tof] clwsf+z ;To xf] . t/ d km]l/ klg eG5', of] n]vsf] ;Ldfleq To;f] ug{ ;lsg] lyPg .

hxfF;Dd oL dxTjk"0f{ k|Zgx?af/] s]xL vf]h–cg';Gwfg x'g;s]sf] 5}g eGg] egfO s]xL ;xefuL ldqx?sf] /Xof], Tof] ;xL xf]Og . k|ToIf ?kdf geP klg hfu?s kf7sn] dx]zrGb| /]UdLsf lstfax?af6 o;af/]sf] s]xL n]vfhf]vf h?/ klg ug{;S5 . ;/bf/ eLdaxfb'/ kf08]sf] …To; avtsf] g]kfnÚaf6 klg s]xL emfFsLx? lg:sG5g\ . kmfb/ n'8lju :6Ln/sf @÷# k':tsaf6 klg o;af/] s]xL l;Sg ;lsG5 . 8]lj8 ;8\8g / pgsf ;xof]uLx?sf #–$ j6f lstfax?n] o;af/] pNn]Vo k|sfz kf/]sf 5g\ . :6Lkmg dfOs\;]nsf] k':tsn] klg o;tkm{ dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg u/]sf] 5 . 8f= afa'/fd e§/fO{sf s[ltx?df o;af/] 7f]; ;"rgf / JofVof cl3 ;fl/Psf] kfOG5 . emngfyhLsf] cfˆg} ;+slnt /rgfdf klg ;fdGtjfb, cw{;fdGtL cj:yf / k"FhLjfb cflbsf af/]df ljj]rgf ul/Psf] 5 . 6+s sfsL{hLn] cfˆgf] k|ltlqmofsf] bf}/fg pNn]v ug'{ePsf] nufot rf/ jif{cl3 d"Nof+sgdf k|sflzt n]vdf d}n] klg o;af/] s]xL rrf{ u/]sf] 5' . oLafx]s cGo sltko n]vx?df klg o;;DaGwL s]xL ;+uLg kIfx?nfO{ s]nfOPsf] e]l6G5 . t;y{, oL kIfx?af/] s]xL ;xefuL ldqx?n] hgfpg'ePsf] h:tf] lgik§ cFWof/f] l:ylt 5 h:tf] dnfO{ nfUb}g . plNnlvt k':tsx?sf] ;6Ls ;f/;+If]k lgsfNg] / n]v–/rgfx? Ps¶f ug{;s] ;xefuL ldqnufot kf7sx?nfO{ ;'ud kYof]{ eGg] dnfO{ nfU5 . t/ k|sflzt /rgfx?nfO{ gh/cGbfh ub}{ …s]xL 5}gÚ eGg] k|j[lQ af/] d}n] af]ln/xg' k/]g .

n]vdf plNnlvt /fli6«o k"FhLkltsf] cjwf/0ffaf/] emngfyhLn] z+sf JoQm ug'{ePsf] 5 . t/ pxfFsf] z+sfsf] cfwf/ s] xf], o;af/] pxfF cToGt uf]nd6f]n ?kdf k|:t't x'g'ePsf] 5 .

emngfyhLsf] k|ltlqmofaf/] d]/f] clGtd l6Kk0fL k"FhLjfbsf] r/0f / pkr/0fsf] juL{s/0f -h;af/] dfly elgPem+} d d"ntM ;xdt 5}g_sf] bf}/fgdf afx]s pxfFsf] k|ltlqmofdf æof] xf]Og, a? o;f] xf]Æ jf æo;f] kf] xf]nfÆ eGg] vfnsf jfSo / cg'R5]b lj/n} k/]sf 5g\ . æa9L phfu/ ug'{k5{Æ, æulx/f] ljZn]if0f ug'{ h?/L 5Æ, æljZn]if0f cfPs} 5}gÆ, æljZn]if0fsf] ulx/fO k'u]sf] 5}gÆ vfnsf jfSox? eg] oqtq 5l/Psf 5g\ . oL jfSox?dWo] sltko hfoh 5g\ eGg] s'/f d ;ljgo / ;xif{ :jLsf5{' . t/ of] ljrf/ dGygsf] ynf]df /rgfTdstfsf] lx;fjn] Ps v'6\lsnf]dfly pSng] k|of; ug'{ plQs} pkof]uL x'GYof] ls <

6+s sfsL{hLsf] k|ltlqmof n]v g/d 5, pxfFsf] ;du| JolQmTjem}+ . ;fy} pxfFsf] k|ltlqmofn] b'O{j6f dxTjk"0f{ a'Fbfx?df l6Kk0fL cl3 ;fg]{ df}sf lbPsf] 5 . klxnf], æcfTdlge{/ v]tLÆsf] af/]df . o;nfO{ æu'hf/f v]tLÆ jf c+u|]hLdf Subsistence farming / peasant farming eGg klg ;lsG5 .

æcfTdlge{/Æ jf æu'hf/f v]tLÆsf] jf:tljs rl/q s] xf] < o;sf] jf:tljs rl/q k"FhLjfbL xf] of ;fdGtjfbL < jf ;dfhjfbL < jf oL tLg} k|0ffnLeGbf 5'§} s'g} rf}yf] k|0ffnL xf] < g]kfn / cGo sltko d'n'ssf] ;Gbe{df / l;+uf] dfS;{jfbL ;flxTo / /fhgLlt b'j}sf] ;Gbe{df of] k|Zgsf] ;+uLg dxTj 5 eGg] dnfO{ nfU5 . o;af/] 6+shLsf] k|ltlqmof plt;f/f] :ki6 5}g, t/ klg pxfFn] æcfTdlge{/ v]tLÆ ;fdGtL rl/qsf] xf] eg]/ 7Dofpg'ePsf] af]w x'G5, oBlk lsg o;f] xf] eGg]af/] klg pxfFn] v'nfpg'ePsf] 5}g . jt{dfg g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df h'g ;Gbe{df, pxfFn] o;nfO{ /fVg'ePsf] 5, æcfTdlge{/ v]tLÆ ;fdGtjfbL k6Ss} xf]Og eGg] d]/f] lgSof}{n 5 .

j:t'tM / Psl5gnfO{ jt{dfg g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{ 5f]8\bf, ;fdGtjfb–k|wfg d'n's / cjlwdf, æcfTdlge{/ v]tLÆ ;fdGtjfbL cfly{s–/fhg}lts ;+/rgf / k|lqmofcGtu{t ;+rfng x'g;S5 eGg] dnfO{ nfU5 . o"/f]ksf] ;3g / k|jn ;fdGtjfbL dWo / k"j{ cfw'lgssfndf klg æcfTdlge{/ v]tLÆ lgif]w lyPg, ;fwf/0ftof ck]Iff ul/g]eGbf æcfdÆ lyof] . t/, To:tf] cj:yfdf ;d]t k"FhLjfbpGd'v pTkfbg ;+/rgfx?dWo] æcfTdlge{/ v]tLÆsf] e"ldsf cu|ufdL lyof] eGg] dnfO{ nfU5 . t/ of] k|;+u clxn] 5f]8f}+ .

æcfTdlge{/ v]tLÆsf] slyt cfTdlge{/tfnfO{ u}/–k"FhLjfbL dflgPsf] xf] eg] o;af/] cln slt hfFr u/f}+ . æcfTdlge{/ v]tLÆ s'g kIf / slt xb;Dd …cfTdlge{/Ú 5 < æcfTdlge{/ v]tLÆdf pTkfbgsf] ;fwg / pTkflbt j:t'sf] qmo–ljqmo sd;]sd cfd gaGg' kg]{ xf] . s] g]kfndf o:tf] l:ylt 5 < æcfTdlge{/ v]tLÆ ug]{ kl/jf/sf] >dzlQm pQm k|sf/sf] zlQm v]tLsf] nflu oy]i6 x'g'kg]{ xf] / pQm >dzlQm pQm v]tLaf6 lj:yflkt gx'g'kg]{ xf] . t/, Hofnf v]tL, ef/tLo s[lif dhb"/sf] t/fO{df cfpg] cf]O/f] / kxf8 / ca cfP/ t/fO{af6 ;d]t cfˆgf] kl/jf/ / ;d'bfoaf6 ;d]t g]kfnsf cGo efudf, ef/tdf ca cfP/ cGo e"–efudf 5f]6f], nfdf] / ;w}sf] nflu lj:yflkt x'g] >d s] æcfTdlge{/ v]tLÆcGtu{t g} k5{ < s] oL u}/–cfTdlge{/ >daf6 cflh{t cfo cfd æcfTdlge{/Æ ls;fgsf nflu klg dxTjk"0f{ 5}gg\ < s] cfd ls;fgn] aLpm, dn, cf}hf/ lsGb}gg\ < xf6ahf/, æs[lif sfo{qmdÆ, ls6gfzs cf}iflw laqm]tf cflbaf6 ;Nnfx
lnFb}gg\ < s] cfd …cfTdlge{/Ú ls;fgx?n] cfkm"n] pkof]u ug]{ ;a} vfB kbfy{;Dd klg cfkm"n] pAhfpF5g\ < n'uf–sk8f cfkm}+n] 3/–3/df pTkfbg u5{g\ < lzIff / :jf:Yo–;]jf, cf}hf/, dl§t]n, kf]lnlyg kfOk æcfTdlge{/Æ Joj:yfcGtu{t 3/3/df pTkfbg e}/x]sf] 5 < s] æcfTdlge{/Æ v]tL 3/3/df ;fx"sf], art ;+:yfgsf], a}+ssf] C0fljgf rln/x]sf] 5 < s'nf]–k}gL, r/g ;fd'bflos / cGo jg, ;8s–6«s–a;nufot /fhg}lts bn–;+ljwfg–/fHoJoj:yf cflb æ3/–3/ cfTdlge{/Æ txdf ;+ul7t 5g\ ls cGo txdf < a}b]lzs Jofkf/;DaGwL, Jofkf/ / C0f s'g txdf ;+ul7t 5 <

k|Zgx?sf] of] k]6f/f]sf] p2]Zo Pp6} 5 M æcfTdlge{/tfÆ / ;fdGtjfbsf] k"0f{ Wj+z ePsf] 5}g, t/ of] P]ltxfl;s >dsf] nfdf] sfnb]lvsf] d"n …rfnsÚ k"FhLjfb g} xf] . u}/–k"FhLjfbL lj/f]w / ;+3if{ tyf k"FhLjfbleqsf] cGt/lj/f]wn] ubf{ …rfnsÚ ljleGg df]8 lng, ult lwdf ug{, a|]s nufpg afWo 5 . t/, of] …rfnsÚ ;fdGtjfb rflxF xf]Og .

k"FhLjfbsf s]Gb|x?df ;d]t ahf/jfb / k"FhLjfb k"0f{tof xfjL x'g;s]sf] 5}g . ToxfF klg kfl/jfl/s, ;fd'bflos hftLo, wfld{s, eflifs, n}+lus cflb sfdx?df u}/–k"FhLjfbL / ;fdGtjfbL ;+/rgf / k|lqmofx?sf] k"0f{ Wj+z ePsf] 5}g . jf:tjdf s]xL ljrf/sx? ;dfhsf] k"0f{ ahf/Ls/0f gx'Fbf;Dd dfq k"FhLjfb km:6fpg] / ahf/Ls/0f k"0f{ x'g] l:yltdf k"FhLjfb pDsg} g;Sg] ;+s6df km:g] wf/0ff /fVb5g\ . k"FhLjfbL s]Gb|sf sltko sDkgL / /fHo;Qfn] ljx] ug{, aRrf kfpg, ljbf dgfpg cflbsf nflu cfˆgf sd{rf/L / gful/snfO{ lbg yfn]sf ;'ljwfx?nfO{ s]xL xbdf u}/–ahf/Ls/0f / u}/–k"FhLjfbLs/0fsf emfFsLÙ oBlk cToGt b'j{n emfFsLsf ?kdf klg x]g{ ;lsG5 .

bf];|f], g]kfnsf] pTkfbg Joj:yfsf] / l;+uf] cy{/fhgLltsf] k|s[ltnfO{ …cw{cf}klgj]lzsÚ lsg eGg 5f]8\g] / < o;f] eGb}df s] laUo|f] / < eGg] pxfFsf] cfzo 5 . yk, pxfF eGg'x'G5– æljZj===== k"FhLjfb===== xfdLsxfF cfpFbf g]kfnsf] cw{pklgj]z l:yltdfly g} 3f]8f r9]/ cfpg] xf], k|i6 5, of] ;+s]t g]kfn–ef/t;DaGwnfO{ lnP/ xf] . of] kl5Nnf] lsl;dsf] k|ltlqmof ;Ltf/fd tfdfËhLaf6 klg cfPsf] 5 .

klxn] g]kfn–ef/t;DaGw / To;df lglxt …cw{cf}klgj]lzstfÚlt/ hfpF . of] kSs} klg ;xL xf] ls ;g\ !(%) sf] ;lGwdf / vf;u/L o;sf] nfdf] sfn;Dd uf]Ko /x]sf] kl/lzi6df a}b]lzs;DaGw, ;fdl/s l:ylt / xftxltof/sf] k}7f/L tyf s]xL xbdf lgdf{0f 7]Ssfdf ;d]t cf}klgj]lzstfsf] :ki6 5fk nfu]sf] 5 . gjLs/0f ul//xg'kg]{ Jofkf/ ;lGw / kf/jxg ;lGwdf klg cf}klgj]lzstfsf] uGw cfpF5 . cGo Jojxf/d} klg k6sk6s cf}klgj]lzs k|j[lQ ef/tsf] /fHo;Qfn] b]vfPs} 5 .

t/, csf]{tkm{ klg x]/f}+ . g]kfn–ef/t Jofkf/ / l;+uf] cfly{s;DaGw d"ntM u}/–cf}klgj]lzs / k"FhLjfbL 5 . ef/t / g]kfn b'j}n] j}b]lzs ;DaGwnfO{ lnP/, ckjfbafx]s ;lGwsf wf/fx? cfs[i6 x'g;Sg] eP klg nfu' u/]sf 5}gg\ . Ps csf{sf gful/snfO{ a;fO / /f]huf/Ldf a/fa/L x}l;ot lbOg] n]lvP klg l:ylt To:tf] 5}g . Ps b]zsf gful/sn] csf]{df hUuf vl/b ug{ kfFOb}g . lgdf{0f 7]Ssfsf k|fjwfgx? ckjfbafx]s, Jojxf/df nfu' ePsf 5}gg\ . g]kfnaf6 ef/tdf lgsf;L x'g] ;fdfgdf g]kfnL jf ef/tLo j:t' / ;]jfsf] cg'kft cTolws /x]sf]df ;f] cg'kft lgs} tn emfl/Psf] 5Ù oBlk g]kfnsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 To;df cf}klgj]lzstfsf] uGw 5Fb}5 . jfl0fHo / kf/jxgsf] ;Demf}tf 5'§f5'§} ug]{ rng a;]sf] 5, / kf/jxgnfO{ lnP/ ul/g] cf}klgj]lzs Jojxf/ / dfgl;stfdf pNn]Vo sdL cfPsf] 5 . a+unfb]ztkm{sf] kl/jxg dfu{ v'n]sf] 5 . u}/–cf}klgj]lzs / k"FhLjfbL aGb–Jofkf/, cfjt–hfjt, k"FhLsf] cfudg–alxu{dg, lzIff–:jf:Yo, ltyf{6gsf] cfotg cflbdf uPsf] kfFr bzsdf 7"nf] j[l4 ePsf] 5 . of] j[l4 d"ntM u}/–cf}klgj]lzs k"FhLjfbd} cfwfl/t 5 .

Tolts} 7"nf] kl/jt{g g]kfnsf] u}/–ef/tLo ljZjtxsf] ;xeflutf / j}b]lzs Jofkf/ ;xeflutf / j}b]lzs ;DaGwdf ePsf] 5 . pk–dxflåkLo / ef/t–k|wfg ljb]z gLlt / j}b]lzs ;DaGwdf uPsf] kfFr bzsdf Jofks kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 . oL If]qx?df ePsf] kl/jt{gn] klg cf}klgj]lzstfsf] wf/0ff / Jojxf/df h?/} pNn]Vo e"ldsf v]n]sf 5g\ .

oL ;a}sf] cy{ g]kfn–ef/t ;DaGwdf cf}klgj]lzstf ca afFsL /x]g eGg] sbflk xf]Og . t/ of] pNn]Vo dfqfdf sdhf]/ eof], Tof] h?/ klg xf] . vf;u/L, g]kfn / rLgaLrsf] ;DaGwaf/] ef/t cToGt ;z+lst 5 / /xg]5 . of] kIf;DaGwL g]kfndflysf] ef/tLo cf}klgj]lzstf ;g\ !(%) sf] ;lGwsf] …k'g/fjnf]sgÚkZrft\ klg alnof] /xg] ;Defjgf sfkmL 5 . t/ o;sf ;fy} cf}klgj]lzstfsf cGo cfofdx? xfnsf] eGbf w]/} dfqfdf v's'nf] x'g] ;Defjgf klg oy]i6 5 .

à afFsL csf]{ c+sdf